Mednarodno pravno varstvo kulturne dediščine

diplomska naloga

Natasja Nikolić (Author), Silvo Devetak (Mentor)

Abstract

Zgodovina kulturnih dobrin je ne obhodno vezana na zgodovino vojn in vojaških spopadov. Medtem ko so vojne po eni plati predstavljale sredstvo za razširitev nacionalnega ozemlja in uničenje sovražnih ljudstev, so po drugi imele retorzije proti kulturnim dobrinam slednjih globlji simbolični in ekonomski pomen. Iznakaziti znake neke kulture je pomenilo izraziti lastno zaničevanje in nadrejenost v razmerju do slednje. Dalje, kulturna dediščina premagane in okupirane države je predstavljala tudi vojni plen zmagovalcev in del nagrade vojakom. Kulturne dobrine z določeno vrednostjo (v zlatu ali srebru) in umetnine so pred 19. stoletjem bile zelo pogosto tarča vojaškega ropanja, poškodovanja med boji ali pa uporabljene za reparacije po končanih vojaških spopadih. Zanimanje mednarodne skupnosti za kulturno dediščino se je zatorej posledično razvilo vzporedno z nizanjem spopadov in njihovih uničujočih posledic. Sama kodifikacija discipline varstva kulturne dediščine v času vojaških spopadov se je vršila preko raznih konvencij od konca 19. stoletja do naših dni. Po 2. členu Zakona o varstvu kulturne dediščine se pojem kulturne dediščine definira kot: območja in kompleksi, grajeni in drugače oblikovani objekti, predmeti ali skupine predmetov oziroma ohranjena materializirana dela kot rezultat ustvarjalnosti človeka in njegovih različnih dejavnosti, družbenega razvoja in dogajanj, značilnih za posamezna obdobja v slovenskem in širšem prostoru, katerih varstvo je zaradi njihovega zgodovinskega, kulturnega in civilizacijskega pomena v javnem interesu. Specifičnost mednarodnega urejanja varstva kulturne dediščine pa je ravno v tem, da se celotno področje ne dotika pravne in kulturne sfere le ene države, temveč deluje v odprtem prostoru mednarodne skupnosti. Definicija kulturne dediščine v mednarodnem prostoru mora torej zadostiti kriterijem in potrebam različnih pravnih tradicij in narodnih pojmovanj kulturne dediščine. Do mednarodnega konsenza o definiranju predmeta varstva še ni prišlo, vsaka država pa sama določa obseg kulturne dediščine na svojem območju. Opredelitve kulturne dediščine se po posameznih državah razlikujejo, zato vsak mednarodni dokument uvodoma podaja svoje razumevanje pojmov kulturne dobrine, kulturnega spomenika in kulturne dediščine. Fizično je dediščino mogoče zavarovati tam, kjer je (in situ) s primernim zavarovanjem območja in vzdrževanjem, ali pa se odstranijo z izvirnega mesta in se shranijo v primernih depojih. Pravna zaščita pa se izoblikuje z vzpostavitvijo uradne evidence, registra, zavarovanjem območij, določitvijo postopkov za varstvo, izdajo dovoljenj, določitvijo obveznosti lastnikom kulturne dediščine in drugim imetnikom itd. Varstvene funkcije prava kulturne dediščine ne gre jemati zgolj kot zaščito telesne stvarnosti kulturne dobrine, temveč kot integralno varstvo njenega kulturnega pomena in vezi s samim območjem izvora. Znotraj režima varovanja kulturnih dobrin je mogoče prepoznati dve temeljni plati tega varstva: varovanje med vojnimi spopadi in ohranjanje v mirnem času. Oblikovanje pravnega varstva kulturnih dobrin, umetnin in zgodovinskih pričevanj v mirni dobi sega šele v XX. stoletje kot direktna posledica reforme sodobnega mednarodnega prava. Le-ta je namreč opravil prehod iz koeksistence v neposredno kooperacijo mednarodne skupnosti preko mednarodnih organizacij. Ravno nasprotno pa lahko varstvo kulturne dediščine med oboroženimi spopadi v svoje dobro šteje precej daljšo tradicijo. Po mnenju Vladimirja Brguljana naj bi začetek mednarodnega pravnega varstva kulturne dediščine sovpadal z uveljavitvijo pravila s strani Delfske Lige (okoli leta 1100 pred našim štetjem), ki je prepovedovalo rušenje mest do temeljev. Druga svetovna vojna je privedla do vnovičnih racij kulturnih dobrin s strani nacističnih čet. Združeni narodi so se tedaj šele pričeli zares zavedati težave in v odgovor leta 1946 ustanovili UNESCO. Prva konvencija te organizacije je bila ravno Ha

Keywords

kulturna dediščina;kulturna dobrina;mednarodne pogodbe;diplomska dela;

Data

Language:	Slovenian
Year of publishing:	2010
Source:	Maribor
Typology:	2.11 - Undergraduate Thesis
Organization:	UM PF - Faculty of Law
Publisher:	[N. Nikolić]
UDC:	34(043.2)
COBISS:	4069163
Views:	2605
Downloads:	281
Average score:	0 (0 votes)
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Other data

Secondary language:	English
Secondary title:	PROTECTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
Secondary abstract:	The history of cultural property is strongly connected to wars and armed conflicts. If on one side wars represented a means for the enlargement of national territory and neutralisation of enemy populations, ritorsions against theirs cultural property had principally an economic and symbolic value. Damage the signs of a culture was an expression of contempt and superiority. More after the cultural heritage of the loosing nation represented the war plunder of winners and part of the reward for the troupes. Before XVIIII century, cultural property of a certain value (gold or silver) and objects of art was subject of races, damaged during conflicts or used as a war refund. The interest of the International Community increased in a parallel way to the evolution of armed conflicts and their devastating effects. The protection of cultural property during armed conflicts has been codified in several conventions, since the end of XIX century till our days. The Slovenian Law for protection of cultural property in her second article states that should be considered as cultural property: areas or complexes, constructions or buildings of various kind, objects or groups of objects and every materialized proof of human creativity and multiplex activity, the evolution of society and hers processes, characteristic for single defined periods into the history of a Nation or wider, is to be considered of public interest because of their historical, cultural and civil importance. The peculiarity of this subject can be found in the fact, that it doesn’t enter in contact with just one legal and cultural sphere but it acts in the wide open space of the international community. The definition of cultural heritage has to take into consideration all the criteria and needs of various legal traditions and the different concepts of cultural heritage existing in the single nations. No definition regarding the object of protection has been able to reach a global consensus. For that reason, every single State decides the extension of cultural heritage on its own soil in total autonomy. The concept of cultural heritage varies from State to State, and that makes necessary for every international document, to define its own area of application, specifying the meaning of terms like cultural object, monument or heritage. Generally, the conservation of cultural heritage consists in provisions and actions of safeguard, in conservation and common use of patrimony. On the other hand, in a strict sense it is represented by the actions of public institutions, dedicated to the protection of all kinds of cultural heritage (mobile or not), administered by specialized institutions. Physically is possible to protect the cultural heritage where it is (in situ), with an apposite maintenance and the protection of the area. In alternative the object can be removed from his original collocation and deposited by an engineered structure. The legal protection is formed by the introduction of special official registers, protecting the areas at risk, establishing the procedures of safeguard and emission of licences, establishing the duties of owners and possessors of cultural property, etc. The function of protection in the law of cultural heritage is not to be seen only as an instrument of physical safeguard but as an integral protection of his cultural value in relations to his territory of origin In the ambit of cultural heritage protection is possible to recognize two aspects of this protection. The first one regards the safeguard of the patrimony during armed conflicts and the second represents the protection in times of peace. The formation of legal protection of cultural property, objects of art and historical documents in time of peace goes back just to the XXth Century as a direct consequence of the reformation of modern international law. It evolved from coexistence to direct cooperation of the international community, passing trough international organisations. On the other side, the protection of cultural heritage during armed
Secondary keywords:	cultural heritage;cultural property;international contracts;traffic;illegal exportation;request of restitution;UNESCO;
URN:	URN:SI:UM:
Type (COBISS):	Undergraduate thesis
Thesis comment:	Univ. v Mariboru, Pravna fakulteta
Pages:	94 f.
Keywords (UDC):	social sciences;družbene vede;law;jurisprudence;pravo;pravoznanstvo;
ID:	1011110