Trgovina z ljudmi skozi vidik človekovih pravic

diplomsko delo

Saša Skutnik (Author), Tomaž Keresteš (Mentor)

Abstract

Vse premalo se zavedamo obstoja trgovine z ljudmi, njenih pasti in nevarnosti. To je globalno zakoreninjen pojav, prisoten v različnih oblikah že od nastanka civilizacij, danes pa pereč problem v skoraj vseh državah sveta. Je oblika organiziranega kriminala , ki prinaša enormne dobičke na račun grobih, neopravičljivih kršitev več temeljnih človekovih pravic. Dejansko gre za nelegalno gospodarsko dejavnost kupo-prodajnega procesa, kjer blago predstavljajo ljudje. Ocenjujejo jo na tretjo najbolj profitno kriminalno dejavnost, takoj za trgovino z drogami in orožjem. Po ocenah ILO trgovina z ljudmi letno prinaša 31.6 bilijonov dolarjev, polovica tega dobička se ustvari v industrijsko razvitih gospodarstvih (Severna Amerika, Evropa). Najpogostejše oblike izkoriščanja so prostitucija in druge oblike spolnega izkoriščanja, prisilno delo, suženjstvo, služabništvo ter trgovina z organi. Kar 70 odstotkov deklet in žensk je izkoriščenih v namene komercialne spolne industrije. Poleg naštetih pa seveda obstajajo tudi druge oblike izkoriščanja, ki so pogojene s kulturo družbe in povpraševanjem po določenih oblikah na trgu. Ker je trgovina z ljudmi tajna in prikrita dejavnost, je število trgovanih ljudi po svetu zgolj plod približne ocene. Na podlagi ocen Ameriškega Department of State's TIP se število žrtev giblje med 4 in 27 milijoni, od tega je 800.000 ljudi letno trgovanih preko nacionalnih meja. Otroci predstavljajo kar polovico vseh žrtev mednarodne trgovine, od tega je milijon otrok letno trgovanih samo v namene spolnega izkoriščanja. ILO ocenjuje število žrtev na 2.5 milijona. Z vidika zakonodajne ureditve in kazenskega pregona trgovcev z ljudmi, številke nakazujejo na majhno učinkovitost; letna TIP beležijo od pet do šest tisoč vseh kazenskih pregonov, od katerih se jih le dobra polovica konča z obsodbo. To pomeni, da je v svetovnem merilu obsojen en trgovec na 800 žrtev trgovine z ljudmi. Pravna zaščita žrtev trgovine z ljudmi je v večini držav urejena le v primerih vzajemnega sodelovanja z organi pregona, vendar državne in mednarodne NGO skozi različne projekte ter v sodelovanju z državnimi organi stremijo k izboljšanju obstoječe zaščite žrtev ter k zvišanju standardov nudene pomoči in oskrbe. Kot sem že omenila je v procesu trgovanja grobo kršenih veliko človekovih pravic; nekatere neposredno, druge posredno. Prve temeljne človekove pravice, ki so v procesu trgovine z ljudmi posamezniku odvzete, so pravica do svobode, svobode gibanja in varstva osebnega dostojanstva. Kršitev pravice do življenja načeloma ni namen trgovcev z ljudmi, vendar je včasih rezultat okoliščin, medtem pa je kršitev povezujoče pravice do življenja - pravica do telesne nedotakljivosti - sestavni del procesa trgovine z ljudmi. Raziskave v posameznih evropskih državah so pokazale, da je 95 odstotkov vseh žrtev procesa trgovanja podvrženih fizičnemu ali spolnemu nasilju. Oblike mučenja, nečloveškega in ponižujočega ravnanja so konstanta izvrševanja nadzora nad žrtvami in posledica oblik njihovega izkoriščanja. Tudi prepoved suženjstva in prisilnega dela je ena izmed neposredno kršenih pravic. Kljub temu, da je bila prepoved suženjstva prva človekova pravica zaščitena z mednarodno pogodbo ob koncu 19. stoletja, danes njena kršitev še vedno predstavlja nevarnost in dejstvo za milijone ljudi po vsem svetu.

Keywords

človekove pravice;trgovina z ljudmi;suženjstvo;svoboda gibanja;telesna nedotakljivost;mučenje;prisilno delo;diplomska dela;

Data

Language:	Slovenian
Year of publishing:	2011
Source:	Maribor
Typology:	2.11 - Undergraduate Thesis
Organization:	UM PF - Faculty of Law
Publisher:	[S. Skutnik]
UDC:	34(043.2)
COBISS:	4215083
Views:	4090
Downloads:	403
Average score:	0 (0 votes)
Metadata:

Other data

Secondary language:	English
Secondary title:	HUMAN TRAFFICKING THROUGH HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE
Secondary abstract:	We are all too little aware of the existence of human trafficking, its traps and risks. This globally rooted phenomenon is present in various forms ever since the existence of the civilisation and today presents an urgent problem in almost every country of the world. It is a form of organised crime which brings enormous profits at the expense of rough, inexcusable violations of many fundamental human rights. Human trafficking is estimated to be the third most profitable criminal activity, right after drugs and weapons trafficking. Based on ILO’s estimations, human trafficking makes an annual profit of $ 31.6 billion from which half is made in industrialised economies (North America and Europe). The most common forms of exploitation are prostitution and other types of sexual exploitation, forced labour, slavery and organ trafficking. There are 70 percent of girls and women being exploited for the purposes of commercial sex industries. Besides the already mentioned forms of exploitation, the industry exploits these women in other ways depending on the society’s culture and its certain demands within the market. Since human trafficking is clandestine and a concealed activity, the number of trafficked people over the world can only be estimated. Based on the American Department of State’s Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP), the number of victims ranges from 4 to 27 million, from which 800,000 people are yearly trafficked internationally. Children take up half of all victims of international human trafficking and one million of those children are being trafficked solely for sexual purposes annually. The ILO estimates the number of victims to be 2.5 million. From the view of legislation and criminal proceedings of traffickers, the numbers point to low efficiency; the TIP notes from five to six thousand criminal proceedings annually, from which over half end with conviction. This report means that there is one trafficker convicted for 800 victims worldwide. Legal protection of victims of human trafficking is in most countries regulated only in the case of mutual cooperation with the state officials. However, the national and international NGOs are working, through various projects and cooperation with the state organs, to improve current regulations and increase the standards of offered help. As I have mentioned before, there are many human rights being violated through the process of human trafficking; some directly, others indirectly. The first fundamental rights that are being violated or taken away from the victims are the right to liberty, freedom of movement and protection of personal dignity. The right to life is fundamentally not within the purpose of traffickers to be violated, but it can happen as a result of circumstances. Meanwhile, the violation of a related right, the right to physical integrity, is a large component of human trafficking. Researches in particular European countries have shown that 95 percent of all victims undergo physical and sexual violence in the process. Forms of torture, inhumane and degrading treatment is necessary in order to enforce and maintain control over victims. Those same forms result also in the process of their exploitation. Another violation of a fundamental right that occurs in the process is freedom from slavery and forced labour. Despite the fact that the prohibition from slavery was the first human right to be internationally protected at the end of 19th century, its violation today still presents risk and fact for millions of people all over the world.
Secondary keywords:	human trafficking;human rights;slavery;victim;freedom of movement;physical integrity;torture;forced labour;
URN:	URN:SI:UM:
Type (COBISS):	Undergraduate thesis
Thesis comment:	Univ. v Mariboru, Pravna fak.
Pages:	109 f.
Keywords (UDC):	social sciences;družbene vede;law;jurisprudence;pravo;pravoznanstvo;
ID:	1014242