doktorska disertacija
Miha Zobec (Author), Matjaž Klemenčič (Mentor), Aleksej Kalc (Co-mentor)

Abstract

Italijanska ustava, sprejeta po drugi svetovni vojni, je predvidevala zaščito jezikovnih manjšin (italijanska pravna in politična praksa se je izogibala uporabi izraza narodnostna manjšina zaradi njegovih političnih implikacij) kot tudi ustanovitev avtonomne dežele Furlanije Julijske krajine, kjer bi bile pravice slovenske manjšine varovane s posebnim statutom. Medtem ko je bilo nemški manjšini formalno varstvo manjšinskih pravic takoj po drugi svetovni vojni zagotovljeno z ustanovitvijo avtonomne dežele Južne Tirolske, francoski pa z ustanovitvijo avtonomne dežele Doline Aosta, je morala slovenska manjšina na ustanovitev avtonomne dežele Furlanije Julijske krajine čakati vse do leta 1963. Upi o zaščiti pa so se razblinili, ko je postalo jasno, da posebni statut nove dežele ne vsebuje določil o varstvu slovenske manjšine. Čeprav so se prizadevanja za dosego globalne zakonske zaščite pričela že kmalu po drugi svetovni vojni oziroma po Londonskem memorandumu, so postala po ustanovitvi dežele, ko se je izkazalo, da so bila pričakovanja zaman, bolj izrazita. Zahteve po oblikovanju posebnega zaščitnega zakona so postale še bolj očitne po Osimskih sporazumih, ki so državi podpisnici, Italijo in Jugoslavijo, obvezovali h kar največji zaščiti slovenske oziroma italijanske manjšine. Osimski sporazumi so v 8. členu določali, da se ob prenehanju veljave Posebnega statuta Londonskega memoranduma obe strani zavežeta k ohranitvi tistih ukrepov, ki so bili sprejeti že pri izvajanju omenjenega statuta in da v okviru svojega notranjega prava zagotovita enako raven varstva, kot je določal Posebni statut, ki je s tem nehal veljati. Z Osimskimi sporazumi sta bili tako obe državi zavezani k uresničevanju tega, kar je bilo že določeno v Londonskem memorandumu. Glede na to, da je Italija menila, da je 8. člen Osimskih sporazumov veljal le za zaščito pravic Slovencev v Tržaški pokrajini, je predmet vztrajnega političnega prizadevanja predstavnikov slovenske manjšine postala zakonodaja, ki bi v enaki meri varovala pravice Slovencev v Tržaški in Goriški kot v Videmski pokrajini. Boj za dosego ustreznega varovanja manjšinskih pravic pa je pri italijanskih oblasteh naletel na nerazumevanje. Namesto, da bi pripravili zakon, ki bi v enaki meri ščitil pravice slovenske manjšine na celotnem ozemlju njene poselitve, je Italija z zahtevami manjšine nenehno odlašala in ponujala zakonske predloge, ki niso bili ustrezni. Prizadevanje za dosego zakonske zaščite se je tako zaključilo šele leta 2001, ko je bil v parlamentu sprejet t. i. globalni zaščitni zakon za varovanje pravic pripadnikov slovenske manjšine v Italiji. Po sprejetju zakona je bil oblikovan mešan, slovensko-italijanski paritetni odbor (sestavljali so ga pripadniki slovenske manjšine v Italiji in pripadniki večinske, italijanske narodnosti), ki naj bi bdel nad uresničevanjem določil sprejetega akta. Zakon je dobil uradno formalno potrditev leta 2007, ko ga je podpisal predsednik Napolitano, v polni meri pa se je začel uresničevati šele dve leti kasneje. Največ težav v zvezi z izvajanjem zaščitnega zakona je bilo v Videmski pokrajini, še posebej prizadeti so bili Slovenci na območju Rezije. Izvajanje zakona se je v Reziji zavleklo vse do leta 2012, težave pri uresničevanju zakonodaje pa se tam pojavljajo še danes.

Keywords

disertacije;slovenska manjšina;Italija;Furlanija-Julijska krajina;manjšinske pravice;zakonska zaščita;Londonski memorandum;Osimski sporazumi;paritetni odbor;

Data

Language: Slovenian
Year of publishing:
Typology: 2.08 - Doctoral Dissertation
Organization: UM FF - Faculty of Arts
Publisher: M. Zobec]
UDC: 342.724(450.36=163.6)"1975/2009"(043.3)
COBISS: 23215880 Link will open in a new window
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Other data

Secondary language: English
Secondary title: The Endeavours of the Slovene Minority in Italy for Achieving the Legal Protection 1975-2009
Secondary abstract: Italian constitution adopted after the Second World War anticipated the protection of linguistic minorities (Italian legal and political practice avoided the usage of the term national minority due to its political implications) as well as the establishment of the Autonomous Region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia where rights of Slovenian minority would be protected by the special statute. The struggle of the Slovenian minority for adequate legal protection started shortly after signing the Memorandum of London which proved to be the act that didn't fulfill its promises. All the provisions made by the Special Statute of the aforementioned Memorandum (special enclosure designed for protection of respective minorities in Yugoslavia and Italy) lost their significance due to unwillingness of Italian legislative body to implement the international agreement in the internal legislature. The establishment of Autonomous Region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia in 1963 made disillusionment of Slovene minority even worse. Whereas autonomous regions of Trentino Alto Adige and Val d'Aosta included protection of German and French minority in its statutes respectively, Friuli-Venezia Giulia did not offer any kind of protection to the members of Slovene minority whatsoever. The treaties of Osimo signed in 1975 (ratified in 1977) provided legal protection for respective minorities (Italian in Yugoslavia and Slovenian in Italy) in their preamble and the article 8. That article presupposed that by putting the Osimo treaties into practice the Memorandum of London loses its legislative power. Both states (Italy and Yugoslavia) were by the treaties of Osimo however bond to respect the provisions that were guaranteed by the Memorandum. Because Italy recognized the article 8. of the treaties only in respect to the Slovenes of Trieste, Slovene minority started to struggle for achieving the law that would protect in an equal manner members of minority living in provinces of Trieste and Gorica as well as those in Udine. The ongoing struggle wasn't met with acceptance by the Italian state. Rather than preparing a law that would use equal measures to protect members of Slovene minority in the whole area of their settlement, Italy showed disrespect by forever deffering their demands and offering them designs of law that could not match their claims. The struggle for achievement of protection thus stretched to the year 2001 when the so called law for the global protection of the rights of Slovene minority was adopted in Italian parliament. After accepting the law, a special parity committee, constituted by the members of Slovene and Italian nationality was formed thereby supervising the execution of the aforementioned law. Law gained its formal confirmation in 2007 when it was signed by the president of Italy Giorgio Napolitano, but it wasn't implemented in its fullnes till 2009. Slovenes in the province of Udine faced toughest problems regarding implementation and in particular Slovenes in the region of Resia suffered most significant disrespect. The implementation of that law in Resia was delayed till 2012 and the region still faces problems concerning the respect of enacted legislature by the Italian state.
Secondary keywords: dissertations;Slovene minority;Italy;legal protection;Memorandum of London;Osimo treaties;parity comittee;Univerzitetna in visokošolska dela;
URN: URN:SI:UM:
Type (COBISS): Doctoral dissertation
Thesis comment: Univ. v Mariboru, Filozofska fak., Oddelek za zgodovino
Pages: 553 str.
ID: 10841468