Preiskovanje kaznivih dejanj zoper umetnine v Republiki Sloveniji

doktorska disertacija

Saša Vučko (Author), Bojan Dobovšek (Mentor)

Abstract

Preiskovanje kriminalitete zoper umetnine je zaradi specifičnosti dolgotrajen proces in zahteva sodelovanje različnih inštitucij tako na nacionalni kot mednarodni ravni. V doktorski disertaciji je predstavljena problematika preiskovanja kaznivih dejanj zoper umetnine v Sloveniji, podprta z eno prvih slovenskih študij na tem področju. Z metodo analize vsebine pisnih virov je pregledana strokovna literatura, zakonodaja in nam dostopni obravnavani primeri, s pomočjo katerih smo oblikovali teoretična izhodišča. Pojav kaznivih dejanj zoper umetnine v Sloveniji smo analizirali z deskriptivno metodo, statističnimi izsledki, vodenimi delno strukturiranimi intervjuji s predstavniki policije, finančne uprave, tožilstva, Ministrstva za kulturo in sodnim izvedencem, kvalitativno analizo tožilskih spisov, oblikovanjem ugotovitev in uparjanjem s stroko. Na podlagi proučenih virov in mnenj stroke smo prišli do ugotovitev o problematiki in preiskovanju kaznivih dejanj zoper umetnine. Ker so tožilski spisi o kaznivih dejanjih zoper umetnine na tožilstvih vodeni skupaj s tožilskimi spisi o drugih premoženjskih kaznivih dejanjih, je bilo ob že tako majhnem številu primerov težko iz baze pridobiti primere, ki so izpolnjevali pogoje za raziskavo. Rezultati empirične raziskave kažejo, da policija v Sloveniji v povprečju letno obravnava 100 primerov kaznivih dejanj zoper umetnine. Prevladujejo tatvine umetnin iz cerkvenih in profano sakralnih objektov, ki bi jih lahko zmanjšali s preventivnimi ukrepi in večjim osveščanjem javnosti o vrednosti, ki jo imajo umetnine za narodovo zgodovino. Kot storilci kaznivih dejanj zoper umetnine prevladujejo moški, ne predkaznovani, kazniva dejanja storijo priložnostno, na prikrit način in iz ekonomskih motivov. Ogled kraja dejanja je policija opravila pri vseh primerih tatvine umetnin, v večini primerov so najdene sledi obuval, papilarnih linij in orodja, ki na glavni obravnavi služijo kot dokaz in pomagajo pri obsodbi storilcev. Preiskanost znaša 23,6 % in je v primerjavi s podatki iz drugih držav nekoliko višja. Slovenska sodišča obravnavajo zelo majhen odstotek vseh storjenih kaznivih dejanj zoper umetnine. Po informacijah pridobljenih s strani umetnikov, galeristov in cenilcev lahko vidimo, da so se številni od njih že srečali s ponaredki. A kljub sumu le redki to prijavijo pristojnim institucijam. Težava, s katero se srečujejo preiskovalci v Sloveniji kot tudi preiskovalci drugih držav Evropske unije, je spletno trgovanje z umetninami. Na spletu se ponuja velika količina umetnin, za katere je težko ugotoviti njihova pristnost in izvor. Zavedati se je potrebno, da brez prijave kaznivega dejanja ali zaznave policije, se predkazenski postopek ne more pričeti in posledično državni tožilec ne dobi podatkov, da bi lahko pričel kazenski postopek. To je en od razlogov zakaj primeri kaznivih dejanj zoper umetnine v Sloveniji redko dobijo sodni epilog. V kolikor pa pride do obravnave na sodišču, so pravnomočne sodbe redke in v večini primerov pogojne. Glede na pregledano literaturo in podatke, ki smo jih pridobili z raziskavo ter opravljenimi intervjuji lahko trdimo, da je sodelovanje med strokovnjaki s področja umetnosti in preiskovalci zelo dobro, hitro in učinkovito. Na podlagi ugotovitev teoretičnega preučevanja in empiričnega raziskovanja je mogoče trditi, da kriminaliteta zoper umetnine v Sloveniji trenutno ne predstavlja alarmantnega stanja. Smotrno bi bilo, da se zopet ustanovi medresorska skupina, ki bi preiskovalcem in umetnostnim strokovnjakom pomagala pri preiskovanju in preprečevanju tovrstne kriminalitete ter pri izmenjavi znanja in stališč. Na podlagi specifičnega modela raziskovanja, ki zagotavlja reprezentativnost vzorca, smo prišli do novih ugotovitev, ki so v pomoč znanosti in stroki pri preiskovanju kriminalitete zoper umetnine ter pri oblikovanju preventivnih ukrepov.

Keywords

umetnine;kriminaliteta;kazniva dejanja;preprečevanje;preiskovanje;Slovenija;doktorske disertacije;

Data

Language:	Slovenian
Year of publishing:	2017
Typology:	2.08 - Doctoral Dissertation
Organization:	UM FVV - Faculty of Criminal Justice
Publisher:	S. Kuhar]
UDC:	343.98:343.3/.7:7(043.3)
COBISS:	3466730
Views:	1465
Downloads:	183
Average score:	0 (0 votes)
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Other data

Secondary language:	English
Secondary title:	Criminal Investigation of Art Crime in the Republic of Slovenia
Secondary abstract:	The nature of art crime is so specific that any investigation of such a criminal offence is a lengthy process requiring close cooperation of various institutions at both national and international levels. This doctoral dissertation is an in-depth examination of the issue of art crime investigation in Slovenia, supported by one of the first Slovenian research studies on the topic. The content analysis method serving as a foundation for the development of the basic theoretical premises makes use of the review of the literature, examining legal instruments, available cases, and other written sources. The art crime phenomenon is analysed by a descriptive method; by using statistical data and the interviews with representatives of the Police, the Financial Administration, the Prosecution Service and the Ministry of Culture, as well as with a certified appraiser; by conducting a qualitative analysis of the Prosecutor Service’s case files; and by establishing findings/conclusions and pairing these with the relevant expert opinions. The findings related to the broader issue of art crime and criminal investigations are based on the examined literature and expert opinions. As prosecution files on art crime, though relatively few, are kept together with prosecution files on property criminal acts, it was difficult to search the database to sort out the ones eligible for our study. The results of the empirical research show that in Slovenia there are, on average, one hundred art crime cases a year. Mainly, they involve theft of works of art from religious and secular-sacral buildings. The number of these cases could be reduced through preventive measures and increased awareness-raising of the value of such art for the nation’s history. Perpetrators of art crime are predominantly men with no previous criminal record, committing these criminal offences either because an opportunity arises or from economic motives. Adequate crime scene investigations were carried out in all cases of art theft: in most of them, the police found traces of footwear, papillary lines, and tools, and this type of evidence helped convict the perpetrators. The investigation rate of these criminal offences amounts to 23.6 % and is slightly higher than those reported in the data provided by other countries. In general, Slovenian courts deal with a very limited number of art crimes. In addition, the information collected by the artists, gallery owners, and certified appraisers reveals that many of them have already encountered forgeries, but only a few of them informed the police of their suspicions. Nowadays, another problem that the Slovenian investigators and those in other European Union countries face is online trading: a vast amount of art is now offered online, which is why it is hard to determine authenticity and originality of each piece. People should be aware that the police cannot start a relevant crime investigation procedure if the victim fails to report the incident to the authorities; consequently, the public prosecutor cannot initiate a criminal proceeding. This is one of the reasons why art crimes rarely have their epilogue in Slovenian courts. Moreover, even when criminal proceedings are initiated, final judgements and convictions of art crime perpetrators are extremely rare though cooperation between art experts and investigators is well organised, fast, and efficient. Nevertheless, the findings of our theoretical analysis and empirical research show that the state-of-play in the field of art crime in Slovenia is not alarming. However, it would make sense to re-establish an inter-ministerial working group which would assist crime investigators and art experts in their efforts to process and prevent such crimes in the future. Based on a specific model of research that guarantees the representativeness of the sample, these findings will help science and the profession in their investigation of art crime and in developing relevant preventive measures.
Secondary keywords:	art;crime;art crime;theft;analysis of prosecution files;
URN:	URN:SI:UM:
Type (COBISS):	Doctoral dissertation
Thesis comment:	Univ. Maribor, Fak. za varnostne vede, Ljubljana
Pages:	XI, 206 str.
ID:	10878815