Pravica do samoodločbe na primeru Tibeta

diplomsko delo

Lea Teraž (Author), Matjaž Tratnik (Mentor)

Abstract

Pravica do samoodločbe se je sprva razvijala v zatišju ostalih načel, postopoma je bila z mednarodnimi dokumenti povzdignjena v samostojno načelo, v procesu dekolonizacije pa je bil razvoj najvidnejši. K novejši razlagi vsebine pravice so pripomogli vidiki človekovih pravic, predvsem razvoj pravic manjšin in pravic avtohtonega prebivalstva. Danes je pravica do samoodločbe priznana kot univerzalna kolektivna pravica in spada med običajno mednarodno pravo. Pravica je omejena z načelom državne suverenosti, načelom neintervencije in načelom prepovedi uporabe sile. Upravičenci pravice so opredeljeni kot skupine individualnih ljudi, ki imajo za skupno: zgodovino, tradicijo, rasno ali etnično identiteto, kulturo, jezik, religijo ali ideologijo, teritorialno povezavo in skupno ekonomsko življenje. Z razvojem demokracije se pojmovanje pojma »peoples« spreminja. Pravica do samoodločbe se v teoriji deli na zunanjo in notranjo samoodločbo. Teoretična razlika med zunanjo in notranjo samoodločbo se nanaša na izčrpanost pravice s postavitvijo in realizacijo zahtevka. Tibetansko vprašanje se nanaša na teritorialnost in samoodločbo. Tibetanci so ljudstvo z lastnim jezikom, skupno identiteto, kulturo, vero in gospodarstvom. Poveljuje jim vodja Dalai Lama, ki združuje posvetno in religiozno oblast. Od razglasitve državne neodvisnosti leta 1913 do kitajske okupacije leta 1950 je de facto užival neodvisnost. Leta 1951 je bil z Ljudsko republiko Kitajsko podpisan Dogovor sedemnajstih točk, ki ureja upravljanje Tibeta. Pod komunističnim kitajskim režimom je leta 1965 bila ustanovljena Avtonomna regija Tibet, ki pa de facto ni uresničevala notranje samoodločbe Tibetancev. Leta 1987 je Dalai Lama sprejel Pet točkovni mirovni plan, s katerim se je odpovedal nekaterim zahtevam v zameno za izvrševanje določene stopnje notranje samoodločbe. Ljudska republika Kitajska je vedno nasprotovala vsem zahtevam, saj so jim formalno zagotavljali vse zahtevane pravice glede izvrševanja avtonomije. Pri razreševanju težav so posredovali Združeni narodi, ki so sprejeli tri resolucije glede tibetanskega vprašanja, s katerimi so priznali in pozvali k prenehanju kršitev osnovnih človekovih pravic in svoboščin Tibetancev. 2008 je tibetanska vlada v izgnanstvu izdala memorandum z zahtevami o pristni avtonomiji, ki ga LR Kitajska ne upošteva. Možne teoretične rešitve zahtevkov za notranjo samoodločbo bi lahko bile dosledno upoštevanje predpisov, sprememba volilnega prava LR Kitajske, vzpostavitev koncepta »associated statehood« kot moderno obliko protekcionistične države in obravnavanje primera pred mednarodnim sodiščem.

Keywords

samoodločba;ljudstvo;narod;Združeni narodi;Tibet;avtonomija;diplomska dela;

Data

Language:	Slovenian
Year of publishing:	2017
Typology:	2.11 - Undergraduate Thesis
Organization:	UM PF - Faculty of Law
Publisher:	[L. Teraž]
UDC:	341.231(043.2)
COBISS:	5519659
Views:	882
Downloads:	98
Average score:	0 (0 votes)
Metadata:

Other data

Secondary language:	English
Secondary title:	The right to self-determination and the Tibet question
Secondary abstract:	The right to self-determination had gradually become an independent principle. It had evolved the most through the process of decolonization. The new concept of self-determination is interpreted through the prism of human rights, especially through development of the rights of minorities and indigenous people. The right to self-determination is a universal collective right and is one of the customary international law rights. It is limited by the principle of state sovereignty, principle of non-Intervention and prohibition of the use of force. The subject of the right to self-determination is defined as »peoples«, which means any group of individuals that have in common some of all of the following characteristics: common history, tradition, racial and ethnical identity, culture, linguistic unity, religion or ideology, territorial connection and common economic life. The definition of »peoples« has been changing through the process of democratization. Theoretically, the right to self-determination can be divided into internal and external self-determination. The difference is in the exhaustion of the claim and the realization of the right. The Tibet Question refers to the territorial and self-determination issues. The Tibetans are peoples with their own language, common identity, cultural homogeneity, religion and common economic life. The leader Dalai Lama is their religious and secular authority. Tibet had been de facto independent since the declaration of independent state in 1913 until the occupation by the Chinese army in 1950. The government of Tibet was defined in the Seventeen-Point-Agreement, signed between Tibet and People's Republic in China in 1951. The Autonomous region of Tibet was established under the Chinese communist regime in 1965. Nevertheless, the internal self-determination of Tibetans was not exercised. In 1987 Dalai Lama proposed Five-Point-Peace Plan in which he resigned from some of Tibetan claims in order to achieve at least some autonomous rights. People's Republic of China had always been opposing to all Tibetan claims, arguing they have formally granted all the necessary autonomous rights. United Nations has issued 3 resolutions regarding the Tibet Question, in which they affirmed the violations of human rights and called to cease all the violating practices. The Tibetan exile government issued Memorandum On Genuine Autonomy in 2008 which is not recognized by People's Republic of China. Possible theoretical solutions to the Tibet Question could be proper execution of all already granted autonomous rights, change of Chinese voting system, establishment of modern associated statehood and rising a claim in front of international courts.
Secondary keywords:	self-determination;peoples;United Nations;Tibet Question;autonomy;
URN:	URN:SI:UM:
Type (COBISS):	Bachelor thesis/paper
Thesis comment:	Univ. v Mariboru, Pravna fak.
Pages:	32 f.
ID:	10888561