Delež poneverb in prepoznavanje zaščitnih elementov valute evroobmočja

magistrsko delo

Blanka Lorenčič (Author), Silvo Dajčman (Mentor)

Abstract

Raziskava magistrskega dela se nanaša na analiziranje stopnje ponarejenega denarja v obtoku ter na prepoznavanje zaščitnih elementov evra. Ponarejanje denarja je tema, ki jo pogosto zasledimo na televiziji, v filmih in zgodovinskih zapisih, a le redko v resničnem življenju, kljub temu pa v vsaki državi obstajajo pravne omejitve za reproduciranje slik bankovcev. Ponarejanje valute je kaznivo dejanje, Ženevska konvencija o preprečevanju ponarejanja denarja pa določa pravila za učinkovito preprečevanje, pregon in kaznovanje kaznivega dejanja ponarejanja denarja. Vsi bankovci imajo vrsto zaščitnih elementov, ki jih ščitijo pred ponarejanjem. Te elemente je, predvsem zaradi moderne tehnologije, vedno težje razvozlati in ponarediti. Bankovce je mogoče enostavno preveriti z metodo »otip-pogled-nagib«. Temeljni problem ponarejanja denarja je, da lahko ima negativen učinek na gospodarstvo, in sicer lahko zaradi povečane zaloge denarja v obtoku povzroči inflacijo, povzroča izgubo zaupanja v valuto in zmanjšuje vrednost realnega denarja. Prav tako močno prizadene posameznike in podjetja, ki sprejmejo ponarejene bankovce, saj zanje nikjer ni mogoče dobiti povračila škode. Za namen razumevanja naštetih dejavnikov je nastalo več teoretičnih študij in modelov ponarejanja denarja. Predstavili smo več teoretičnih modelov ponarejanja denarja, ki predvidevajo, zakaj prihaja do ponarejanja in kakšne so ekonomske koristi ali posledice poneverb za ponarejevalce, preiskovalce in potrošnike. Najobširneje preučevani modeli so t.i. modeli parcialnega in splošnega ravnovesja. Za modele parcialnega ravnovesja je značilno, da ustvarjanje denarja ni eksplicitno modelirano, ampak je odvisno tudi od drugih zunanjih dejavnikov in da povpraševanje po denarju ni odvisno od odnosov akterjev v modelu. Za modele splošnega ravnovesja je značilno, da je ustvarjanje denarja eksplicitno modelirano in da je povpraševanje po denarju odvisno od odnosov med akterji v modelu. Model splošnega ravnovesja predpostavlja, da ponarejanje zmanjšuje obseg transakcij, saj so prodajalci v dvomih, ali bodo prejeli ponarejen denar. To vodi v zmanjšanje produktivnosti in transakcij. Politike proti ponarejanju lahko te učinke preprečijo z blaženjem nevarnosti ponarejanja denarja. V empiričnem delu magistrske naloge smo preverjali delež pristnih in ponarejenih evrobankovcev v obtoku ter prepoznavanje ponarejenega 20-evrskega bankovca in zaščitnih elementov le-tega. Glede na podatke o količini evrobankovcev v obtoku v EU od leta 2007 do leta 2016 smo ugotovili, da je bilo v tem obdobju v obtoku 1.764.601.434 evrobankovcev. Po podatkih o številu ponarejenih evrobankovcev v EU je bilo od leta 2007 do leta 2016 ugotovljenih 7.066.000 ponarejenih evrobankovcev. To pomeni, da je delež ponarejenih bankovcev v obtoku v obdobju od leta 2007 do 2016 v EU znašal 0,4 %, kar vrednostno predstavlja približno 410 milijonov evrov. Glede na statistične podatke o prepoznavanju ponarejenega 20-evrskega bankovca, ki smo jih pridobili z izvedeno anketo, smo ugotovili, da je 61,5 % oziroma 75 od 122 respondentov izbralo napačen oziroma neponarejen bankovec (izbrali so pristen bankovec namesto ponarejenega).

Keywords

denar;bankovci;ponarejanje;zaščitni elementi;pravna ureditev;

Data

Language:	Slovenian
Year of publishing:	2018
Typology:	2.09 - Master's Thesis
Organization:	UM EPF - Faculty of Economics and Business
Publisher:	[B. Lorenčič]
UDC:	336.74:343.51(043.2)
COBISS:	13181980
Views:	632
Downloads:	88
Average score:	0 (0 votes)
Metadata:

Other data

Secondary language:	English
Secondary title:	Share of counterfeits and identification of security features of the euro area currency
Secondary abstract:	This master thesis presents an analysis of counterfeit money in the circulation and an identification of security features of the euro area currency. Counterfeit money is the topic of television, movies, and lore but hardly seen by most of us. Nevertheless, there are legal restrictions on the reproduction of banknote images in every country. The International Convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting Currency, the Geneva Convention lays down rules to ensure that severe criminal penalties and other sanctions can be imposed for counterfeiting offences. All banknotes have a series of security features that protect them against counterfeiting. These elements are increasingly difficult to counterfeit, especially due to modern technology. Banknotes can be easily verified using the "touch-view-tilt" method. The fundamental problem of money counterfeiting is that it can have negative effects on the economy, because of the increased stock of money in circulation, it can cause inflation, causes a loss of confidence in the currency, and reduces the value of real money. It also strongly affects individuals and businesses that accept counterfeit banknotes, as no compensation can be obtained for them anywhere. For the purpose of understanding these factors, several theoretical studies and models of money counterfeiting have been created. We introduced some of the most relevant theoretical counterfeiting models, which foresee why it comes to money counterfeiting and what are the economic benefits or consequences of counterfeiting money for counterfeiters, investigators and consumers. The most widely studied models are partial-equilibrium and general-equilibrium models. Partial-equilibrium models do not explicitly specify the demand for money. It is assumed to be exogenous and does not depend on the actions of agents in the model. In general-equilibrium models, the environment that generates money as the medium of exchange is explicitly specified and the demand for money depends on the interactions of agents in the model. General-equilibrium models also suggest that counterfeiting lowers the volume of economic transactions, since sellers are concerned about receiving counterfeits. This, in turn, will reduce production and further decrease economic transactions. Anti-counterfeiting policies can prevent these effects by mitigating the threat of counterfeiting. In the empirical part of this master's thesis, we verified the share of genuine and counterfeit euro banknotes in circulation and the identification of a counterfeit 20-euro banknote and its security features. According to the data on the volume of euro banknotes in circulation in the EU from 2007 to 2016, we found that in this period, 1.764.601.434 genuine euro banknotes were passed into circulation. Given the data on the number of counterfeit euro banknotes in the EU, from 2007 to 2016, 7.066.000 counterfeit euro banknotes were identified. This means that the share of counterfeit banknotes in circulation in the period from 2007 to 2016 in the EU amounted to 0.4%, which represents approximately 410 million euros. Depending on the statistics on the identification of the counterfeit 20-euro banknote, which we obtained with a survey, we found that 61.5%, i.e. 75 out of 122 respondents chose a wrong or non-counterfeit banknote (they chose a genuine banknote instead of a counterfeit).
Secondary keywords:	banknotes;counterfeiting;money circulation;legal framework;security features;theoretical models;economic impacts.;
URN:	URN:SI:UM:
Type (COBISS):	Master's thesis/paper
Thesis comment:	Univ. v Mariboru, Ekonomsko-poslovna fak.
Pages:	IV, 66 str., 9 str. pril.
ID:	10955062