Pravica do državljanstva in apatridnost

diplomsko delo

Sabina Gorenc (Author), Ernest Petrič (Mentor)

Abstract

Pri državljanstvu gre za razmerje med državo in posameznikom z določenimi medsebojnimi pravicami in obveznostmi. Če pa državljanstva posameznik nima ali ga izgubi, ostane brez pravic in dolžnosti, ki mu kot državljanu pripadajo. Tako mu je pogosto onemogočen dostop do temeljnih civilnih, političnih, gospodarskih, kulturnih in socialnih pravic. V želji, da posamezniki brez državljanstva ne bi bili prikrajšani za minimalni obseg pravic, povezanih z državljanstvom, je mednarodna skupnost leta 1954 oblikovala Konvencijo o statusu oseb brez državljanstva, kasneje, leta 1975, pa še Konvencijo o zmanjšanju števila oseb brez državljanstva, in sicer z namenom, da bi preprečila nastanek tistih pojavov, ki lahko povzročijo apatridnost. Ker pa se države same odločijo, ali bodo pristopile h konvencijam, jih ratificirale in posledično svoje notranje pravo uskladile z obveznostmi, ki iz njih izhajajo, je relativno malo držav pristopilo k ratifikaciji teh dveh konvencij, čeprav je problem apatridnosti velik. Slovenija je ratificirala Konvencijo iz leta 1954 in njen Zakon o državljanstvu teži k načelu apatridnosti, kar tudi po mednarodnem pravu posameznikom zagotavlja varnost, da ne ostanejo brez statusa državljana. Dogaja pa se, da se tudi tiste države, ki so podpisnice konvencij, ne držijo vedno smernic in mednarodnih določil in človekovih pravic ne postavljajo pred zahteve državne suverenosti. Mednarodno pravo posamezniku ne ponuja pravnega sredstva ali rešitve v primerih, kjer je pravica do državljanstva kršena. Zato se kaže potreba po nujni regulaciji vprašanja državljanstva na mednarodni ravni, saj je naturalizacija za te ljudi najboljša rešitev. Predvsem so potrebni hitri in tudi med državami usklajeni postopki ugotavljanja brez državljanstva, ki so predpogoj za dostop do pravic, določenih v Konvenciji iz leta 1954. Trenutna možnost, ki jo ima mednarodna skupnost, je, da v okviru različnih pogajanj vrši pritisk na posamezno državo, kar lahko ugodno vpliva na odpravo kršitev, spodbudi državo, da ratificira konvenciji in vzpostavi postopke določanja ter zaščito teh oseb.

Keywords

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Data

Language:	Slovenian
Year of publishing:	2018
Typology:	2.11 - Undergraduate Thesis
Organization:	EVRO-PF - European Faculty of Law, Nova Gorica
Publisher:	[S. Gorenc]
UDC:	342.71(043.2)
COBISS:	2053221302
Views:	138
Downloads:	21
Average score:	0 (0 votes)
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Other data

Secondary language:	English
Secondary abstract:	Citizenship is a relationship between the state and an individual with certain mutual rights and obligations. If a person does not have or loses citizenship, he/she loses the rights and duties otherwise belonging to a citizen. Thus, the person is often prevented access to basic civil, political, economic, cultural and social rights. In a desire to prevent stateless persons from being deprived of the minimal rights connected with citizenship, the international community designed the Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons in 1954, and later on, in 1975, the Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, with the intention of preventing the emergence of phenomena that may bring about statelessness. However, since countries decide for themselves whether or not they will adopt conventions, ratify them and consequently harmonise their domestic law with the obligations deriving from said conventions, a relatively small number of countries has decided to ratify these two conventions, even though statelessness poses a great problem. Slovenia has ratified the 1954 Convention; its Citizenship of the Republic of Slovenia Act strives toward the anti-statelessness principle, which, in accordance with international law, guarantees individuals that they will not lose citizen status. Nevertheless, it sometimes happens that even the countries which have signed the conventions do not always abide by the guidelines and international provisions and do not prioritise human rights over the demands of state sovereignty. International law does not offer a remedy or solution to individuals when the right to citizenship has been violated. Hence, the need has arisen for urgent regulation of the issue of citizenship at an international level, as naturalisation is the best solution for these people. Above all, it requires fast-track procedures for determining statelessness that are harmonised between states, which is a prerequisite for accessing the rights laid down in the 1954 Convention. The current option at the international community's disposal is to exert pressure on an individual state within the scope of various negotiations, which may have a favourable impact on the elimination of violations, encourage the state to ratify the two above-mentioned conventions, and establish procedures for identifying and protecting such persons.
Secondary keywords:	Državljanstvo;Diplomske naloge;Človekove pravice;
Type (COBISS):	Bachelor thesis/paper
Thesis comment:	Evropska pravna fak.
Source comment:	Dipl. delo 1. stopnje bolonjskega študija;
Pages:	64 str.
ID:	10980722