Varstvo otrok v oboroženih spopadih

magistrsko delo

Tjaša Simonič (Author), Suzana Kraljić (Mentor)

Abstract

V magistrski nalogi je obravnavana tematika varstva otrok v oboroženih spopadih, sorodni pojmi, ki so povezani z varstvom v oboroženih spopadih ter najpomembnejši mednarodnopravni dokumenti na področju varstva otrok. Oboroženi spopadi, vojne, terorizem, bremenijo številne otroke po svetu. Otroci so v državah, ki so izpostavljene tovrstnim spopadom, prisiljeni odrasti zelo hitro. Številni otroci se pridružijo oboroženim skupinam izključno iz razloga, da se izognejo revščini ter da se počutijo varne in se izognejo morebitni smrti. Osrednja tema moje magistrske naloge je predstaviti položaj otrok, ki so rojeni v državah, v katerih divja vojna. Na tisoče otrok po svetu je vpletenih v oborožene spopade. Rekrutirajo jih tako vladne vojske kot tudi paravojaške in druge oborožene skupine. Mednarodno pravo to prepoveduje, rekrutiranje mlajših od 15 let je celo vojni zločin. Na področju varstva otrok je veliko mednarodnopravnih dokumentov, ki si prizadevajo za njihovo varstvo. Zaščita otrok v oboroženih spopadih se je začela s štirimi ženevskimi konvencijami iz leta 1949. Te konvencije poskušajo ublažiti posledice nasilja v vojni, zlasti glede ranljivih skupin oseb - bolnih, ranjenih, vojnih ujetnikov. Po drugi svetovni vojni je Generalna skupščina Združenih narodov sprejela Deklaracijo o otrokovih pravicah. Deklaracija je odprla pot za sprejetje Konvencije o otrokovih pravicah iz leta 1989, ki je postala prvo pravno zavezujoče mednarodno besedilo za zaščito otrokovih pravic. Eden izmed najpomembnejših dokumentov na področju oboroženih spopadov je tudi Rimski statut. Z Rimskim statutom je bilo ustanovljeno mednarodno kazensko sodišče. Rimski statut določa, da je dolžnost vsake države izvajati kazensko jurisdikcijo zoper tiste, ki so odgovorni za mednarodna hudodelstva. V magistrski nalogi je predstavljen tudi vpliv oboroženih spopadov na izobraževanje ter spolno zlorabo otrok. Oboroženi spopadi v zadnjih letih so prizadeli življenja številnih otrok. Oboroženi spopadi vplivajo tudi na izobraževanje otrok ter na njihovo varstvo pred spolnimi in drugimi zlorabami. Izobraževanje je bistvena pravica vseh državljanov. Ima ključno vlogo pri zaščiti otrok pred zlorabo ali zanemarjanjem. Konvencija o otrokovih pravicah v 28.členu priznava pravico vsakega otroka do brezplačnega osnovnošolskega izobraževanja in spodbuja razvoj sekundarnega izobraževanja, ki je dostopno in omogočeno. V oboroženih spopadih med drugim prevladuje tudi spolno nasilje. Mednarodno humanitarno pravo in pravo človekovih pravic absolutno prepovedujeta vse oblike spolnega nasilje v vsakem trenutku in proti vsakomur. Mednarodno kazensko pravo določa odgovornost za storilce spolnih zločinov. Ti trije pravni organi se na tem področju zelo krepijo in si prizadevajo za izboljšanje. V zaključku magistrske naloge sem se dotaknila tudi mednarodnih organizacij, ki si že vrsto let prizadevajo za izboljšanje varstva otrok. Med najpomembnejšimi organizacijami sta vsekakor UNICEF in Mednarodni odbor Rdečega križa. Njuna glavna naloga je zaščiti življenje in dostojanstvo žrtev oboroženih spopadov, med katerimi je veliko tudi otrok.

Keywords

otrokove pravice;oboroženi spopadi;terorizem;otrok vojak;varstvo otrok;begunci.;

Data

Language:	Slovenian
Year of publishing:	2019
Typology:	2.09 - Master's Thesis
Organization:	UM PF - Faculty of Law
Publisher:	T. Simonič]
UDC:	347.61/.64:341.7(043.3)
COBISS:	5827371
Views:	733
Downloads:	121
Average score:	0 (0 votes)
Metadata:

Other data

Secondary language:	English
Secondary title:	Child protection in armed conflicts
Secondary abstract:	This Master’s thesis deals with the topic of child protection in armed conflict, related notions associated with the protection in armed conflict and the most important international legal documents in the field of child protection. Armed conflict, wars, terrorism, burden many children around the world. In countries exposed to such conflict, children are forced to grow up very quickly. Many children join armed groups for the sole purpose of avoiding poverty, feeling safe and avoiding death. The main theme of my Master’s thesis is to present the situation of children born in countries where war rages. Thousands of children around the world are involved in armed conflict. They are recruited by both government, paramilitary and other armed groups. International law forbids recruiting people younger than the age of 15, this counts even as a war crime. There are many international legal documents in the field of childcare that seek to protect them. The protection of children in armed conflict began with the four Geneva Conventions of 1940. These conventions seek to mitigate the effects violence in war, especially on vulnerable groups – the sick, the wounded, prisoners of war. After the Second World War, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Declaration of the Rights of the Child. The declaration paved the way for the adoption of the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child, which became the first legally binding international text to protect children’s rights. One of the most important documents in the field of armed conflict is the Rome Statute. With help of the Rome Statute, the International Criminal Court was established. The Rome Statute states that it is the duty of each country to exercise criminal jurisdiction against those responsible for international crimes. In my Master’s thesis, I will also present the impact of armed conflict on education and sexual abuse of children. Armed conflict in recent years have affected the lives of many children. Armed conflict also affect the education of children and their protection against sexual and other abuse. Education is an essential right of all citizens. It plays a key role in protecting children from abuse or neglect. Article 28 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child recognizes the right of every child to free primary education and promotes the development of secondary education, which is accessible and enabled. Sexual violence is also prevalent in armed conflict. International humanitarian law and human rights law absolutely prohibit all forms of sexual violence at any time against anyone. International criminal law lays down responsibility for sex offenders. These three legal authorities are strengthening themselves in this field and striving to improve. In the conclusion of my Master’s thesis, I also addressed the international organizations that have been working to improve childcare for many years. UNICEF and the International Committee of the Red Cross are among the most important organizations. Their main task is to protect the lives and dignity of victims in armed conflict, many of whom are children.
Secondary keywords:	child rights;armed conflict;terrorism;child soldiers;childcare;refugees.;
Type (COBISS):	Master's thesis/paper
Thesis comment:	Univ. v Mariboru, Pravna fak.
Pages:	58 str.
ID:	11219919