doktorska disertacija
Janja Grošelj (Author), Maja Bučar Pajek (Mentor)

Abstract

Dobro razvite gibalne sposobnosti so temelj za gibalno učinkovitost otroka (Gallahue, Ozmun, & Goodway, 2012). Ena izmed pomembnih gibalnih sposobnosti je tudi ravnotežje. Danes je raziskovanje ravnotežja in merskih značilnosti ravnotežnih preizkusov v porastu. Nekateri nelaboratorijski preizkusi ravnotežja so bili razviti v klinične namene, predvsem za merjenje starejših in posameznikov z nevrološkimi težavami ter poškodbami, takšni pa niso vedno primerni za merjenje zdravih otrok. Prednosti nelaboratorijskih preizkusov ravnotežja so enostavnost, hitra izvedljivost in cenovna ugodnost. Pogosto pa nimajo zlatega merila, s pomočjo katerega bi dokazovali veljavnost pri otrocih in mladostnikih, kar je prednost laboratorijskih preizkusov, ki imajo največkrat dobre merske lastnosti. Poznamo kar nekaj metod merjenja laboratorijskih preizkusov ravnotežja (elektromiografija, stabilometrija, pospeškometrija, analiza gibanja), ki nam podajo podrobnejše podatke, a so hkrati dragi, zamudni in zato primernejši za merjenje manjših skupin. Namen doktorske naloge je bil ugotoviti merske značilnosti nekaterih nelaboratorijskih preizkusov ravnotežja pri enajstletnikih. Poleg tega pa tudi ugotoviti povezanost z ostalimi gibalnimi sposobnostmi in telesnimi značilnostmi, merjenimi z merskim sklopom, imenovanim športno-vzgojni karton (ŠVK), ki se je v zadnjem obdobju preimenoval v merski sklop SLOfit. Preverili smo tudi obstoj razlik v ravnotežnih sposobnostih med spoloma. Izmerili smo 217 zdravih enajstletnikov (118 fantov in 99 deklet). Ugotavljali smo merske lastnosti treh statičnih (flamingo preizkus, stoja na eni nogi na nizki gredi in stoja na eni nogi na ravnih tleh) in treh dinamičnih ravnotežnih preizkusov (hoja po nizki gredi, stoja čelno na T-klopci, stoja bočno na eni nogi na T-klopci). Zlato merilo smo zagotovili s stojo merno na pritiskovni plošči, katero smo izmerili pri 45 enajstletnikih (21 fantov in 24 deklet). Meritve gibalnih sposobnosti in telesnih značilnosti so bile vzete iz merskega sklopa SLOfit, ki redno in načrtno meri slovenske otroke in mladostnike že več kot 30 let, vanjo pa je vključenih že več kot milijon posameznikov in njihovih podatkov o telesnem in gibalnem stanju. Rezultati so pokazali visoko notranjo zanesljivost nekaterih preizkusov ravnotežja (flamingo preizkus, stoja na eni nogi na nizki gredi in hoja po nizki gredi), ne pa tudi veljavnosti. Ugotovljene so bile nekatere značilne povezave med ravnotežjem in ostalimi gibalnimi sposobnostmi merskega sklopa SLOfit. Potrdili smo povezave med flamingo preizkusom in koordinacijo (r = ,521 p < ,01), eksplozivnostjo (r = - ,392), močjo rok in ramenskega obroča (r = - ,535, p < ,01), močjo trupa (r = - ,420), hitrostjo (r = ,374, p < ,01) in vzdržljivostjo (r = ,400, p < ,01). Dinamični preizkus ravnotežja hoja po nizki gredi je bil značilno povezan s koordinacijo (r = ,424, p < ,01), eksplozivnostjo (r = - ,466, p < ,01) in z močjo rok ter ramenskega obroča (r = - ,248, p < ,01). Pokazala se je značilna povezava med kožno gubo nadlahti in flamingo preizkusom (r = ,579, p < ,01). Ugotovili smo nekatere značilne razlike v ravnotežnih sposobnostih med spoloma. Dekleta so dosegla boljše rezultate pri laboratorijskem preizkusu stoje merno z odprtimi in zaprtimi očmi in pri stoji na eni nogi na nizki gredi. Na podlagi rezultatov ugotavljamo, da sta flamingo preizkus in hoja po nizki gredi najboljša merska postopka, saj sta pokazala zadovoljivo notranjo zanesljivost pri enajstletnikih. Na podlagi naših ugotovitev predlagamo, da se oba ravnotežna preizkusa, flamingo preizkus za merjenje statičnega ravnotežja in hojo po nizki gredi kot oceno dinamičnega ravnotežja, vključita v nadaljnja raziskovanja (preverjanje na drugih starostnih skupinah). Preizkusa sta primerna za merjenje osnovnošolcev tudi zaradi dostopnosti množični uporabi, enostavna in cenovno ugodna.

Keywords

statično ravnotežje;dinamično ravnotežje;gibalne sposobnosti;telesne značilnosti;enajstletniki;disertacije;

Data

Language: Slovenian
Year of publishing:
Typology: 2.08 - Doctoral Dissertation
Organization: UL FŠ - Faculty of Sport
Publisher: [J. Grošelj]
UDC: 796.012.266-053.6(043.3)
COBISS: 48761859 Link will open in a new window
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Other data

Secondary language: English
Secondary title: Measurment characteristics of various motor balance tests of 11-year old children
Secondary abstract: Balance and motor skills are essential prerequisites for normal physical development of a child (Gallahue et al., 2012). One of the important motor skills is also balance. Nowadays, the study of balance and its measurement characteristics is gaining more research attention. Some tests have otherwise been developed for clinical purposes, especially for measuring older people and individuals with neurological problems and damage but these are certainly not suitable for testing healthy children. Benefits of these clinical assessments are its simplicity, affordability and are quick to perform. Some of these tests do not have a golden standard in comparison to laboratory balance tests which in generally have good measurement characteristics. There are several methods of measuring balance (electromyography, stabilometry and acceleration tests, posturography, analysis of movement), that give us more specific data but are expensive and time consuming for measure the population, and therefore are more suitable for measuring smaller groups. The intention of doctoral thesis was to determine the measurement characteristics of some non-laboratory balance tests for eleven-year-olds. The aim of our study was also to examine the relationship between balance ability, fundamental motor skills and morphology measured by using a test battery called “športno-vzgojni karton” (ŠVK), which has recently been renamed into SLOfit test battery. Additionally, we investigated the effect of gender on balance abilities. We measured 217 eleven-year old pre-adolescents (118 boys and 99 girls). We determined the measurement characteristics of three static balance tests (Flamingo test, one-leg stance on the ground, one-leg stance on the low beam) and three dynamic balance test (walking on the low beam, one-leg stance on T-bench and bipedal stance on T-bench). The golden standard was determined with a tandem stance on the force plate which was measured in 45 eleven-year old (21 boys and 24 girls). Other fundamental motor skills were measured with SLOFIT motor assessment tools, which regularly and systematically monitor the physical fitness of children and adolescents for more than 30 years and with more than one million individuals and their measurement sets till now. Our results showed the high intrarater reliability and the of some balance tests (Flamingo test, one-leg stance on the low beam and walking test on low-beam) but not also the construct validity. Correlations coefficients between balance and fundamental motor skill performance were examined. We found significant associations between Flamingo test and coordination (r = ,521, p < ,01), explosive muscle power (r = - ,392), flexed arm hang (r = - ,535, p < ,01), abdominal strength (r = ,420), speed (r = ,374, p < ,01) and endurance (r = ,400, p < ,01). Dynamic balance ability was significantly related to coordination (r = - ,424, p < ,01), explosive muscle power (r = - ,466, p < ,01) and flexed arm hang (r = - ,248, p < ,01). Triceps skin fold was associated with Flamingo test (r = ,579, p < ,01). We also found some significant differences in balance abilities between gender. Girls achieved better results in laboratory balance tests tandem stance with open and closed eyes and one-leg stance on the low beam. Based on our results, we found that are Flamingo test and walking on low beam the best balance assessment tools because of their proper intrarater reliability. We propose Flamingo test to measure static balance abilities and walking on low beam to measure dynamic balance abilities for further researching of human balance (researching in other age groups). Both tests are suitable for primary school population, have widespread use and are also easy to apply and affordable.
Secondary keywords: Static balance;dynamic balance;motor abilities;morphology;school population.;
Type (COBISS): Doctoral dissertation
Study programme: 0
Embargo end date (OpenAIRE): 1970-01-01
Thesis comment: Univ. v Ljubljani, Fak. za šport
Pages: XV, 150 f.
ID: 12174534