Športna vadba astronavtov med bivanjem v vesolju

magistrsko delo

Blaž Brenčič (Author), Igor Štirn (Reviewer), Tadej Debevec (Mentor), Tim Kambič (Co-mentor)

Abstract

Začetek raziskovanja vesolja sega v leto 1957, ko je Sovjetska zveza v orbito izstrelila prvi satelit Sputnik 1. Štiri leta zatem so sovjeti v orbito uspešno poslali prvega človeka (J. Gagarin). Po tem letu so se začele vrstiti vesoljske misije, katerih vrhunec je predstavljala prva ameriška misija, ki je uspešno pristala na Luni (Apollo 11 (Neil Armstrong in Buzz Aldrin) leta 1969. Prvim vesoljskim presežkom je sledil še hitrejši vesoljski razvoj, povezan s številnimi novimi misijami in pričetkom bivanja ljudi v vesolju. Pred dvajsetimi leti so astronavti začeli z daljšimi bivanji na Mednarodni vesoljski postaji, kjer raziskovalci vrsto let izvajajo znanstvene raziskave in proučujejo učinek vesolja na človeški organizem ter vpliv različnih metod športne vadbe pri zmanjševanju teh učinkov. Namen magistrskega dela je predstaviti dosedanja znanstvena dognanja o okoljskih in fizioloških učinkih bivanja v vesolju, s poudarkom na predstavitvi športne vadbe in diagnostike, ki je namenjena ohranjanju zdravja in zmanjševanju negativnih vplivov bivanja v vesolju z glavnim ciljem ohranjanja operativne sposobnosti astronavtov. V ta namen je bil izveden pregled izvirnih znanstvenih raziskav in ostalih relevantnih virov v sledečih spletnih bazah: Pubmed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Embase, SportDiscus, Google Scholar in Cobiss. Uporabljene so bile sledeče ključne besede: microgravity, muscle, exercise, space, flight, biology, NASA, iRED, bed rest, neuro-cognitive, bone, strength, endurance, TVIST, flight, medicine in cardiorespiratory. Ugotovitve raziskav, izvedenih v vesolju, in tistih na Zemlji (bed rest ipd.) so pokazale, da astronavti zaradi mikrogravitacije v največji meri izgubljajo predvsem mišično maso v tistih mišicah, ki skrbijo za pokončno držo, in mišicah spodnjih okončin. Prav tako pride do izrazite redistribucije telesnih tekočin iz spodnjega dela telesa v zgornjega. Zmanjšata se tudi volumen krvne plazme in srčna mišica, ki je vsaj delno manj obremenjena zaradi omenjene redistribucije tekočin in odsotnosti gravitacijskega vektorja. Zaradi teh negativnih fizioloških in morfoloških učinkov se posledično zmanjšata tudi moč in vzdržljivost mišic predvsem spodnjega dela telesa, zmanjša se tudi aerobna kapaciteta in poslabšata se ravnotežje ter koordinacija. Športna vadba je eno najboljših sredstev za minimiziranje škodljivih učinkov bivanja v vesolju. Vadbeni pristopi astronavtov se začnejo s sistematično vadbo na Zemlji, kjer je poudarek na hipertrofiji mišic in aerobni vzdržljivosti, nadaljujejo se na mednarodni vesoljski postaji z vadbo moči in vzdržljivosti, zaključijo pa s ponovnim pridobivanjem izgubljene mišične in kostne mase ob povratku na Zemljo. Na mednarodni vesoljski postaji imajo astronavti na voljo kolesarski ergometer in tekalno stezo za izvajanje aerobne vadbe kot preventive za dekondicijo srčno-žilnega sistema ter inercijsko napravo za vadbo moči, ki služi kot preventiva proti nastanku mišične atrofije. V prihodnosti se načrtujejo nove, dolgotrajne in zahtevne vesoljske misije (Mars), zato je ključnega pomena, da se med bivanjem v vesolju izvaja učinkovita vadba, ki lahko zagotovi celostno ohranjanje zdravja in operativne sposobnosti astronavtov.

Keywords

šport;mikrogravitacija;vesolje;bivanje v vesolju;fiziološke prilagoditve;morfološke prilagoditve;vadbeni model;športna vadba;mišična atrofija;kostna masa;mednarodna vesoljska postaja;neaktivnost;

Data

Language:	Slovenian
Year of publishing:	2020
Typology:	2.09 - Master's Thesis
Organization:	UL FŠ - Faculty of Sport
Publisher:	[B. Brenčič]
UDC:	796.01:629.78-05
COBISS:	57431555
Views:	409
Downloads:	156
Average score:	0 (0 votes)
Metadata:

Other data

Secondary language:	English
Secondary title:	Exercise training of astronauts during space missions
Secondary abstract:	The beginning of space exploration dates back to 1957, when the Soviet Union launched its first satellite, Sputnik 1, into orbit. Four years later, the Soviets successfully sent the first man (J. Gagarin) into orbit. Afterwards, a series of space missions culmulated, all of which the first American mission to successfully land on the moon (Apollo 11 (Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin) in 1969). This was followed by an even faster space development, linked to a number of new missions and the beginning of human beings living in space. Twenty years ago, astronauts began longer space residence on the International Space Station, wherein researchers have been conducting scientific research for years - also studying the effect of space on the human physiology and the impact of different methods of sports exercise in reducing these detrimental effects. The aim of this master's thesis is to present the up-to-date scientific findings on the environmental and physiological effects of living in space (i.e. microgravity), with an emphasis on the presentation of sports training/conditioning and diagnostics, that aims to maintain health and reduce the negative impacts of living in space with the main objective of maintaining astronauts operational capacity. To this end, an overview of original scientific research and other relevant sources was conducted in the following web databases - Pubmed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Embase, SportDiscus, Google Scholar and Cobiss. The following keywords were used - Microgravity, Muscle, Exercise, Space, Flight, Biology, NASA, iRED, bed rest, neuro-cognitive, bone, strength, endurance, TVIST, flight, medicine and cardiorespiratory. The findings of up-to date studies carried out both, in space and those on earth (bed rest, etc.) have shown that astronauts, due to microgravity, mostly lose muscle mass predominantly in the muscles that provide upright posture and those of the lower limb muscles. There is also a marked redistribution of bodily fluids from the lower part of the body to the upper body. The volume of blood plasma is, at least acutely, reduced, as is the heart muscle volume, mostly due to the heart pump unloading due to the aforementioned fluid redistribution. As a result of these negative physiological and morphological effects, the strength and endurance of the muscles, especially of the lower part of the body, aerobic capacity are reduced and balance as well as coordination compromised. Exercise is one of the best strategies to minimize the harmful effects of space flight. The astronaut`s training begins with systematic exercise on Earth, where the focus is predominantly on the muscle hypertrophy and aerobic endurance, then continues on the International Space Station with strength and endurance training, and finishes with regaining lost muscle and bone mass upon their return to Earth. From an exercise training device perspective, the International Space Station, currently features cycling ergometer and a treadmill to perform aerobic exercise as a prevention of cardiovascular degeneration and an inertia power training device that serves as a prevention of muscle atrophy. New, long-duration and technically challenging space missions (Mars) are planned in the future, so it is vital that effective exercise is carried out during the space flight, which can ensure the overall preservation of health and operational capability of astronauts.
Secondary keywords:	sport;microgravity;exercise;muscle atrophy;bone mass;International Space Station;inactivity;
Type (COBISS):	Master's thesis/paper
Study programme:	0
Embargo end date (OpenAIRE):	1970-01-01
Thesis comment:	Univ. v Ljubljani, Fak. za šport
Pages:	74 f.
ID:	12345743