Sanja Babić (Author), Lara Čižmek (Author), Aleksandra Maršavelski (Author), Olga Malev (Author), Maryline Pflieger (Author), Ivančica Strunjak-Perović (Author), Natalija Topić Popović (Author), Rozelindra Čož-Rakovac (Author), Polonca Trebše (Author)

Abstract

Amazonian wildfires in 2019 have raised awareness about rainforest burning due to increased emissions of particulate matter and carbon. In the context of these emissions, by-products of lignin thermal degradation (i.e. methoxyphenols) are often neglected. Methoxyphenols entering the atmosphere may form intermediates with currently unknown reaction mechanisms and toxicity. This study for the first time provides a comprehensive insight into the impact of lignin degradation products [guaiacol, catechol], and their nitrated intermediates [4-nitrocatechol, 4,6-dinitroguaiacol, 5-nitroguaiacol] on zebrafish Danio rerio. Results revealed 4-nitrocatechol and catechol as the most toxic, followed by 4,6DNG > 5NG > GUA. The whole-organism bioassay integrated with molecular modeling emphasized the potential of methoxyphenols to inhibit tyrosinase, lipoxygenase, and carbonic anhydrase, consequently altering embryonic development (i.e. affected sensorial, skeletal, and physiological parameters, pigmentation formation failure, and non-hatching of larvae). The whole-organism bioassay integrated with in silico approach confirmed the harmful effects of lignin degradation products and their intermediates on aquatic organisms, emphasizing the need for their evaluation within ecotoxicity studies focused on aquatic compartments.

Keywords

ecology;environmental sciences;lignin degradation products;ecotoxicity;

Data

Language: English
Year of publishing:
Typology: 1.01 - Original Scientific Article
Organization: UL ZF - University College of Health Studies
UDC: 574:615.9
COBISS: 49719811 Link will open in a new window
ISSN: 2045-2322
Views: 334
Downloads: 150
Average score: 0 (0 votes)
Metadata: JSON JSON-RDF JSON-LD TURTLE N-TRIPLES XML RDFA MICRODATA DC-XML DC-RDF RDF

Other data

Secondary language: English
Type (COBISS): Article
Pages: str. 1-12
Issue: ǂVol. ǂ11
Chronology: 2021
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81789-1
ID: 12525327