diplomska seminarska naloga
Tanja Omerzel (Author), Andrej Vovko (Mentor)

Abstract

Maorska kultura, dolge in razgibane plaže ter osupljiv rastlinski in živalski svet, ki je endemičen zaradi osamitve od ostalega sveta - to je le nekaj glavnih značilnosti Nove Zelandije, Aoteaore - dežele dolgega belega oblaka - kot ji pravijo Maori. Maori, ki so bili prvotno ljudstvo, so jo naselili že v 10. ali 11. stoletju in razvili avtohtono kulturo, imenovano maorska kultura. Slednja temelji izključno na ustnem izročilu ter živi v srcih potomcev starodavnih Maorov, ki si prizadevajo ohraniti jezik, umetnost, mite in obrede svojih prednikov. Sicer je v zgodovini Nove Zelandije najbolj zanimivo vprašanje maorskega izvora. Kdo so bili njihovi predniki, od kod so prišli, kako in kdaj, kakšni so bili njihov jezik, prepričanja in način življenja, ki so jih prinesli s seboj, so vprašanja, ki so že dolgo predmet proučevanja. Natančnih podatkov žal ni, zaradi, že prej omenjene, ustne tradicije Maorov, hkrati pa tudi zgodovina in legende trdijo, da so Novo Zelandijo odkrili večkrat. Maorska kultura je nepogrešljiv del zgodovine Nove Zelandije in tako kot v preteklosti tudi v prihodnje zgodovina odnosov dveh prevladujočih narodov in kultur. Osnovnim značilnostim maorske kulture namenjam naslednjih nekaj besed. Pri maorski religiji gre za politeistično verovanje, zanjo je značilen sistem verovanj, pri katerem gre za dejavnosti, kot je sistem obredov in skupinska udeležba, hkrati je religija zelo vplivala v vsakdanjem življenju Maorov, kajti obsegala je kmetovanje, gradnjo hiš in kanujev ter prevzela vlogo civilnega prava. Zelopomembna sta bila duhovnik in karakia, kratko ponavljanje niza besed, ki je zaščitilo določene vsakdanje aktivnosti. Sicer pri maorski kulturi ne moremo mimo konceptov tapu, noa in mana, saj so to glavni koncepti maorskega vedenja in dejanja. Maorska družba je bila namreč visoko ritualizirana, rituali oziroma obredi so predstavljali obliko gledališča, povabili in zagotovili prisotnost pokojnih in pomembnih božanstev, zaščitili bogastvo celotne skupnosti ... Pri maorskih obredih so prisotni elementi zemlje, vode in ognja. Voda je pri obredu Maorov prepoznavna kot očiščevalni element, ogenj pa poveča uresničitev težko pričakovanega rezultata. Kar se tiče mitov, se ti med različnimi maorskimi plemeni dokaj razlikujejo, zaradi njihove geografske izoliranosti, vendar vsi temeljijo na rodoslovju. V maorski kulturi obstaja izjemna raznovrstnost umetniških form, umetnost prežema celotno kulturo. Tako se kaže v besedah in pesmih, okraševanju telesa, tetoviranju moko, bojnemu plesu haka, v prostoru marae ter rezbarjenju lesa - whakairo rakau. V poznih 30. letih 19. stoletja se je začela kolonizacija Velike Britanije Nove Zelandije. Tako je prišlo do stika Maorov z Evropejci. Kmalu je bila podpisana pogodba - Waitangi, s katero naj bi Maori odstopili suverenost svoje dežele britanski kroni, ki si je s tem dejanjem na vsiljen in neenakopraven način pridobila nadzor nad kolonizirano deželo. Tako je bilo 19. stoletje čas prevrata in boja za Maore. Misijonarji so si prizadevali za ustanovitev misijonarskih postaj, da bi predstavili oziroma vsilili krščanstvo maorskim ljudem in jih naučili angleškega jezika. Tako je bilo med leti 1830 in 1850 videti očitne spremembe v kulturnem verovanju in obnašanju Maorov. Maori so se morali sprijazniti z dejstvom, da je evropska kolonizacija Nove Zelandije neizogibna in ne le začasna, temveč dokončna. Kljub tem nasprotjem se je v prvi polovici 20. stoletja končno pojavilo nekaj vidikov življenja na Novi Zelandiji, v katerih so Maori videli možnost svojega uveljavljanja med belimi priseljenci - Paheka. V novozelandskih vojnah so tradicionalne maorske skupnosti kazale visoko stopnjo hrabrosti v bitkah, njihov odziv na drugo svetovno vojno je pokazal vključenost v nacionalno življenje, maorski bataljon si je celo pridobil slavo in ime uspešne bojne enote v Severni Afriki in Italiji. Med tem so se doma številne ženske in moški javili za delo.

Keywords

Maori;kultura;tradicija;Nova Zelandija;Novozelandci;diplomske seminarske naloge;

Data

Language: Slovenian
Year of publishing:
Typology: 2.11 - Undergraduate Thesis
Organization: UM FF - Faculty of Arts
Publisher: [T. Omerzel]
UDC: 316.72(=622.821.3)(043.2)
COBISS: 18118664 Link will open in a new window
Views: 366
Downloads: 25
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Other data

Secondary language: English
Secondary title: MAORI CULTURE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON NEW ZEALAND SOCIETY
Secondary abstract: The Maori settled in New Zealand in the 10th or 11th century and have since then developed a distinct culture, called the Maori culture. It is an indispensable part of the New Zealand history and history of the relations between two predominant nations and cultures. When discussing Maori culture, one cannot avoid discussing religion, the main characteristics of which are polytheism, great importance of a minister, karakia and tapu, noa and mana concepts, the most important concepts of Maori behaviour and action. Rituals represented a kind of theatre for the Maori, while the myths differed, but they were all based on genealogy. The whole Maori culture is imbued with art (words and poems), body painting, moko tattoos, haka war-dance, the sacred place marae and wood carving - whakairo rakau. In the late 1830s Britain started colonizing New Zealand. The Maori came into contact with Europeans. They had to accept the fact that the European colonization of New Zealand is inevitable and permanent. In spite of many contrarieties, there were some views on life in New Zealand in the first half of the 20th century, in which the Maori saw their chance of enforcement among the white settlers - Paheka. Consequently, they gained numerous rights and obligations, they hadn't had before. The Maori had neither the time nor the money to keep preserving the internal views of their culture. This task is now in the hands of young generations. They endeavour to revive and preserve the authentic culture of their ancestors. In the last few decades people have started reviving the language and the culture of the Maori. The Maori language is officially recognized and equal to English. But above all the Maori and their culture represent an important part in tourism. Not more than twenty years ago, they represented only manpower in the field of tourism, but nowadays they are in leading positions and they started shaping tourism in New Zealand. The names of the cities, mountains, volcanoes, lakes and rivers are almost entirely of Maori origin. An important part of the Maori tradition is also a moko tattoo, which they try to preserve because it has a great influence on the New Zealand society. In the University of Wellington they devote their attention to preserving traditional dances of the native settlers. Dancing groups consist of white members and native Maori descendants. New Zealanders started introducing Maori kindergartens, with the intention of the Maori and New Zealand children learning the Maori language and thus make learning other languages easier. We cannot overlook the New Zealand rugby team, also called "All Blacks", which is very successful and which preserves fighting spirit and war-dance of the Maori, as they begin all their games with the haka dance. But the most important is the fact that in the recent years there have been many improvements in the field of cultural dialogue between New Zealanders and the Maori, which contributed to the preservation of the original Maori life and habits. In spite of all that the Maori try to adapt their culture to living in towns, but simultaneously they keep a strong feeling for ethnic affiliation.
Secondary keywords: the Maori;culture;tradition;New Zealand;New Zealanders;
Type (COBISS): Undergraduate thesis
Thesis comment: Univ. v Mariboru, Filozofska fak., Oddelek za sociologijo, 2011
Pages: [XI], 52 f.
ID: 12528394