magistrsko delo
Primož Mav (Author), Vojko Strojnik (Reviewer), Samo Rauter (Consultant), Aleš Dolenec (Mentor)

Abstract

Tek je ena od elementarnih oblik človeškega gibanja in del številnih športov. Vzdržljivostni tek se od sprinterskega teka razlikuje v številnih parametrih. Nadalje pa se lahko vzdržljivostni tek deli še na različne tehnike vzdržljivostnega teka, ki se ga opredeli s pomočjo kinematičnih in kinetičnih parametrov. V tej raziskavi smo poskusili razlikovati dve tehniki vzdržljivostnega teka in preveriti povezanost pridobljenih tehnik z značilnostmi vzorca. V poskus smo vključili 20 vzdržljivostnih tekačev (starosti 27,0 ± 11,8 leta; telesne višine 178,3 ± 5,8 cm; telesne mase 71,3 ± 7,1 kg), ki so na tekoči preprogi opravili maksimalni stopnjevalni test (z začetkom pri naklonu 1 % in s hitrostjo 8 km/h ter stopnjevanjem 1 km/h/min) in dosegli največjo hitrost 19 ± 1,67 km/h. Kinematični parametri so bili določeni z bočnim snemanjem, 240 slik na sekundo z resolucijo VGA. Kinetični parametri so bili določeni s pomočjo optičnega merilnega sistema OptoJump Next. Končno analizo vzdržljivostne tehnike teka smo opravili pri hitrosti 14 km/h pri naporu 78,1 ± 7,3 % VO2 max. Vzorec je bil razdeljen na dve skupini s hierarhično metodo združevanja glede na 23 kinematičnih in kinetičnih parametrov. S t-testom za neodvisne vzorce in Mann-Whitneyjevim testom smo testirali statistično značilno razliko (p < 0,05) v kinematičnih in kinetičnih parametrih med pridobljenima skupinama. Statistično značilna razlika se je med skupinama izrazila v 12 od 23 parametrih. Tehnika odbijanja je bila razvidna iz daljših časov leta (124 ms vs. 93 ms), večjega deleža časa leta (34,8 % vs. 26,6 %), krajših kontaktnih časov (233 ms vs. 255 ms), manjšega deleža časa kontakta (65,2 % vs. 73,4 %), večjega razmerja med časom leta in kontakta (53,6 % vs. 36,3 %), krajše podfaze stika celotnega stopala (84 ms vs. 104 ms), navzgor usmerjenega odriva (3,2° vs. 1,9°), bolj toge noge v fazi opore (6,5 kNm-1 vs. 4,6 kNm-1), večje plantarne fleksije v trenutku sprednjega dotika (–4,8° vs. 7,5°), manj prekoračenja (7,3° vs 10,1°), bolj pokrčene goleni v trenutku obremenitve (–6,8° vs. –1,6°) in bolj vzravnanega trupa v trenutku zapuščanja podlage z odrivno nogo (8,9° vs. 11,8°). Med tehnikama ni bilo statistično značilnih razlik v dolžini ali frekvenci koraka, deležu in trajanju propulzivne podfaze stopala, deležu podfaze stika celega stopala, kotom kolena, kolka in trupa v trenutku sprednjega dotika, kotu kolena v trenutku vertikale oporne noge, kotom kolka v trenutku zapuščanja podlage z odrivno nogo in kotom odriva, pridobljenega iz kinematike. Prva pridobljena skupina 13 tekačev je tako predstavljala tehniko vlečenja, druga skupina sedmih tekačev pa tehniko odbijanja. S t-testom za neodvisne vzorce in Mann-Whitneyjevim testom smo testirali statistično značilno razliko med pridobljenima skupinama v značilnostih vzorca. Nobena od sedmih značilnosti vzorca ni dosegla statistične značilnosti. Skupno pridobljeni rezultati sugerirajo obstoj dveh generalnih tehnik vzdržljivostnega teka, ki nista povezani z glavnimi značilnostmi vzorca. Zaradi omejene natančnosti meritev, velikosti vzorca in ene analizirane hitrosti rezultati ne omogočajo zanesljivega pripisovanja imenovane tehnike posamezniku. Zaradi tega v prihodnje priporočamo avtomatizirano analizo in večstransko 2D-kinematiko, podprto z EMG.

Keywords

šport;tek;vzdržljivost;tehnika;kinematika;kinetika;osnova teka;spremembe tehnike;dejavniki tehnike;tehnika odbijanja;tehnika vlečenja;

Data

Language: Slovenian
Year of publishing:
Typology: 2.09 - Master's Thesis
Organization: UL FŠ - Faculty of Sport
Publisher: [P. Mav]
UDC: 796.422:796.012.12
COBISS: 66787075 Link will open in a new window
Views: 375
Downloads: 85
Average score: 0 (0 votes)
Metadata: JSON JSON-RDF JSON-LD TURTLE N-TRIPLES XML RDFA MICRODATA DC-XML DC-RDF RDF

Other data

Secondary language: English
Secondary title: Trial to determine endurance running technique with kinematic and kinetic parameters
Secondary abstract: Running is one of the elemental forms of human locomotion and part of a number of sports. The endurance running technique differs from the sprinting technique in several parameters. In addition, endurance running can be divided into different endurance running techniques, which are defined with kinematic and kinetic parameters. In this experiment, we tried to differentiate between two general endurance running techniques and their correlation with characteristics of the selected sample. The experiment included 20 endurance runners (age: 27.0 ± 11.8 years; height: 178.3 ± 5.8 cm; body weight: 71.3 ± 7.1 kg), who completed the maximal graded treadmill test (starting with 1% inclination at 8 km/h speed and gradation of 1 km/h/minute) at max. speed of 19 ± 1.7 km/h. Kinematic variables were defined using 2D sagittal measurement with 240 fps and VGA resolution, while kinetic parameters were determined using the OptoJump Next optical measurement system. The final analysis of the endurance running technique was performed at 14 km/h speed with average endurance of 78.01 ± 7.3% VO2max. Using the hierarchical clustering method, the sample was divided into two groups based on 23 selected kinematic and kinetic parameters. The selected kinematic and kinetic parameters of both groups were tested with the independent sample t-test and the Mann-Whitney test. The final analysis showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0,05) in 12 of 23 parameters. The bouncing technique was perceived in longer flight times (124 ms vs. 93 ms), greater proportion of flight time (34.8 % vs. 26.6 %), shorter contact times (233 ms vs. 255 ms), smaller proportion of contact time (65.2 % vs. 73.4%), higher flight and contact time ratio (53.6% vs. 36.3%), shorter foot flat subphase (84 ms vs. 104 ms), upward push off (3.2° vs. 1.9°), greater leg stiffness (6.5 kNm-1 vs. 4.6 kNm-1), more pronounced forefoot strike pattern at initial contact (–4.8° vs. 7.5°), less overstriding (7.3° vs. 10.1°), more flexed shin in the loading response phase (–6.8° vs. –1.6°) and smaller trunk angle at lift-off (8.9° vs. 11.8°). There were no statistically significant differences observed in step length or frequency, proportion and duration of propulsive, proportion of foot flat subphase, angle of knee, hip and trunk in the initial contact phase, knee angle during mid-stance phase, hip angle in the take-off phase and angle of take-off obtained with kinematics. The first group of 13 runners adopted the trail technique and the second group of 7 runners employed the bouncing technique. Furthermore, the t-test and the Mann-Whitney test were used to test statistically significant differences between characteristics of the two sample groups. None of the 7 sample characteristics reached statistical significance. In total, the results suggest the existence of two general endurance running techniques, which are not corelated with the main characteristics of the sample. Due to measurement precision, sample size and single analyzed speed, the endurance running technique cannot be reliably attributed to an individual. In the future, researchers should therefore conduct an automated analysis and use the multiangular 2D kinematics supported by EMG.
Secondary keywords: sport;running technique;endurance;kinematics;kinetics;bouncing technique;trial technique;
Type (COBISS): Master's thesis/paper
Study programme: 0
Embargo end date (OpenAIRE): 1970-01-01
Thesis comment: Univ. v Ljubljani, Fak. za šport
Pages: 80 str.
ID: 12819592