diplomsko delo
Valerija Turk (Author), Sonja Hlebš (Reviewer), Vika Smerdu (Mentor)

Abstract

Uvod: Zdravstveni delavci se pri svojem delu srečujemo s številnimi okvarami mišično-skeletnega sistema. Kolenski sklep je osrednji in največji sklep spodnjega uda, ki ima kompleksno anatomsko sestavo in pred seboj eno od najmočnejših mišic v telesu, m. quadriceps femoris. Sklep ima pomembno vlogo ne le pri gibanju (hoji, teku itd.), temveč tudi v mirovanju ter pri vzdrževanju pokončne drže, ko se sile teže preko sklepa prenašajo na podlago in obratno. Zaradi velikih obremenitev so poškodbe kolenskega sklepa pogoste. Zato je za ustrezno obravnavo poškodb in rehabilitacijo bistveno razumevanje anatomskih značilnosti, biomehanike sklepa in delovanja mišic nanj. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je pregled slovenske in mednarodne literature, ki vključuje opis biomehanike kolenskega sklepa in delovanja posameznih mišic na sklep. Metode dela: V diplomskem delu je predstavljena literatura, izbrana iz podatkovnih baz neglede na leto izdaje in dostopna prek spleta: CINAHL, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Učenjak. Iskanje knjižnih virov je bilo izvedeno v slovenskem knjižničnem informacijskem sistemu – COBISS.SI. Literatura je bila izbrana s pomočjo ključnih besed ali besednih zvez v slovenskem in angleškem jeziku. Rezultati in razprava: Kolenski sklep je kombinacija tečajastega in čepastega sklepa, prevladujoča giba sta fleksija in ekstenzija, v manjšem obsegu pa so možni še: notranja in zunanja aksialna rotacija, anteroposteriorna translacija ter addukcija in abdukcija. Mišice, ki delujejo na sklep, delimo na ekstenzorje in fleksorje. Glavni ekstenzor sklepa je mišica quadriceps femoris na sprednji strani stegna, ki jo tvorijo štiri mišice (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis). Glavni fleksorji kolenskega sklepa so mišice na zadnji strani stegna (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus), ki so hkrati ekstenzorji kolčnega sklepa. Šibkejši fleksorji so še mišice sartorius iz sprednje skupine in gracilis iz medialne skupine stegenskih mišic ter mišici popliteus in gastrocnemius iz posteriorne golenske skupine. Fleksorji so odgovorni tudi za aksialno rotacijo v kolenskem sklepu. Navedene mišice so obenem tudi pomembni dinamični stabilizatorji sklepa. Zaključek: Mišice kolenskega sklepa so pomembne pri biomehaniki sklepa. Poleg vloge generatorjev moči za premikanje kosti in izvajanje gibov v sklepu, potrebnih pri vsakodnevnih dejavnostih, opravljajo ob pasivnih stabilizatorjih (meniskih, sklepnih vezeh in ovojnici) še vlogo dinamičnih stabilizatorjev sklepov.

Keywords

diplomska dela;fizioterapija;kolenski sklep;biomehanika;gibanje;mišice kolenskega sklepa;

Data

Language: Slovenian
Year of publishing:
Typology: 2.11 - Undergraduate Thesis
Organization: UL ZF - University College of Health Studies
Publisher: [V. Turk]
UDC: 615.8
COBISS: 82168835 Link will open in a new window
Views: 319
Downloads: 84
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Other data

Secondary language: English
Secondary title: Role of individual muscles on knee joint biomechanics - literature review
Secondary abstract: Introduction: Healthcare professionals often deal with musculoskeletal disorders. The knee joint is the intermediate and the largest joint of the lower limb which has a complex anatomical structure and one of the most powerful muscles, m. quadriceps femoris, located in front of it. The joint has an important role not only when performing various types of movement (e.g., walking, running, etc.), but also while resting and maintaining upright posture when body weight forces are being transmitted to the ground and vice versa. Due to heavy loading, the knee joint injuries are common. Therefore, it is necessary to understand its anatomical properties, knee joint biomechanics and muscle activity for a proper injury treatment and rehabilitation. Purpose: The aim of diploma work is to review the available academic literature regarding the knee joint biomechanics and muscle activity on the joint in Slovene and English language. Methods: The data presented in diploma work were collected from different online databases, regardless the date of publication: CINAHL, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Učenjak. Slovenian Library Information System (COBISS.SI) was used to search for reference sources, using keywords and phrases in Slovene and English. Results and discussion: The knee joint is a combination of hinge and trochoid joints, its dominant movements are flexion and extension, whereas limited internal and external axial rotation, anteroposterior translation and adduction-abduction are possible as well. Muscles acting upon the knee joint are generally divided into extensors and flexors, according to their function. The main extensor is the anterior thigh muscle quadriceps femoris, which is composed of four muscles (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis). The main flexors are the posterior thigh muscles (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus), which are also the extensors of the hip joint. Weak flexors are the anterior thigh muscle sartorius, medial thigh muscle gracilis, and two posterior crural muscles, popliteus and gastrocnemius. The flexors are responsible for axial rotation in the knee joint. These muscles are also important dynamic stabilizers of the knee joint. Conclusion: The knee joint muscles are important for the joint biomechanics. They act as power generators, which produce bone movement in the joint, necessary for everyday activities, and are important dynamic stabilizers of the joint as well, acting together with the passive joint stabilizers (menisci, ligaments, and joint capsule).
Secondary keywords: diploma theses;physiotherapy;knee joint;biomechanics;movement;knee joint muscles;
Type (COBISS): Bachelor thesis/paper
Study programme: 0
Thesis comment: Univ. v Ljubljani, Zdravstvena fak., Oddelek za fizioterapijo
Pages: 43 str.
ID: 13715143