diplomsko delo
Urška Bahor (Author), Jože Prestor (Reviewer), Damjan Slabe (Mentor), Urban Mesec (Co-mentor)

Abstract

Uvod: Astma je ena izmed najpogostejših kroničnih vnetnih pljučnih bolezni, pri kateri je značilno reverzibilno zoženje dihalnih poti. World Health Organization in Global Initiative for Asthma ocenjujeta, da ima več kot 300 milijonov ljudi na svetu astmo. Med poslabšanjem astme je zaradi zožitve dihalne poti pri osebi prisotno piskanje v prsih, kašelj in težko dihanje, kar posledično privede do pomanjkanja kisika. Najpogostejši vzroki za poslabšanje astme so vdihavanje različnih alergenov in virusne okužbe dihal, redkeje pa jo izzovejo hrana, različna zdravila, telesni napor ali stres. Cilji pri zdravljenju so urejena astma ter zmanjšanje tveganja za poslabšanje bolezni, preprečitev dolgotrajne spremembe na dihalih in smrti zaradi astme. Ključnega pomena pri uspešnem obvladovanju astme je tudi zdravstvena vzgoja pacienta in njegove družine. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je opisati astmo in kako poteka astmatični napad, izpostaviti prvo pomoč ob napadu in zdravljenje v okviru nujne medicinske pomoči ter predstaviti zdravstveno vzgojo pacienta z astmo. Metode dela: Uporabljena je bila deskriptivna metoda dela. Narejen je bil pregled domače in tuje strokovne literature o prvi pomoči in zunajbolnišničnem zdravljenju astmatičnega napada objavljene od leta 2005 do leta 2022. Literatura za uporabo v diplomskem delu je bila v obdobju od aprila 2021 do januara 2023 iskana v podatkovnih bazah CINAHL, Medline, COBIB, Science direct in iskalnikih PubMed in Google Učenjak. Rezultati: Pred začetkom zdravljenja medicinska sestra seznani bolnika s potekom bolezni, samozdravljenjem in pravilno uporabo zdravil. Kadar pride do poslabšanja astme, moramo to razumeti kot opozorilo, saj je lahko posledica neuspešnega vodenja bolezni. Pri bolnikih, ki imajo povečano tveganje za poslabšanje v stabilnem stanju, so potrebne večkratne kontrole, večji nadzor in bolj skrbna zdravstvena vzgoja. Če ob napadu astme oseba nima inhalatorja ali če je inhalator neučinkovit, če prsti in ustnice postanejo modrikaste barve in oseba postane zmedena ali neodzivna, moramo kot izvajalec prve pomoči poklicati nujno medicinsko pomoč. Če so pri bolniku prisotni kateri znaki ali simptomi za fatalno astmo, ga je potrebno neprekinjeno spremljati in opazovati. Razprava in zaključek: Pri zdravljenju astmatičnega napada je najprimernejša uporaba kratkodelujočega bronhodilatatorja. Global Initiative for Asthma je leta 2019 izdala smernice, da se za zdravljenje astme priporoča najnižje možne odmerke inhalacijskih kortikosteroidov v kombinaciji z dolgodelujočim agonistom adrenergičnih receptorjev. Pri kar polovici odraslih se zaradi slabega obvladovanja astme in posledično slabše kvalitete življenja, pojavita anksioznost in depresija. Naloga zdravstvenih delavcev je, da paciente motiviramo, da imajo samonadzor bolezni in tako dosežemo urejeno astmo.

Keywords

diplomska dela;zdravstvena nega;astma;prva pomoč;nujna medicinska pomoč;zdravljenje;zdravstvena vzgoja;

Data

Language: Slovenian
Year of publishing:
Typology: 2.11 - Undergraduate Thesis
Organization: UL ZF - University College of Health Studies
Publisher: [U. Bahor]
UDC: 616-083
COBISS: 147990787 Link will open in a new window
Views: 20
Downloads: 3
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Other data

Secondary language: English
Secondary title: Prehospital treatment of a patient with an asthma attack
Secondary abstract: Introduction: Asthma is one of the most common chronic inflammatory lung diseases characterized by reversible narrowing of the airways. The World Health Organization and the Global Initiative for Asthma estimate that more than 300 million people worldwide have asthma. Among the consequences of asthma, a person feels the simptons like wheezing in the chest, coughing and difficulty breathing, which in turn leads to a decrease in oxygen. The most common causes of asthma are inhalation of various allergens and viral respiratory infections, but less often it is provoked by food, various medications, physical exertion or stress. The goals of treatment are to control asthma and symptoms and to reduce the risk of exacerbation, to prevent long-term changes in breathing and death from asthma. Health education of the patient and his family is also of key importance in the successful management of asthma. Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to describe asthma, how an asthmatic attack and treatment takes place in the context of first and emergency medical aid, and to present the health education of a patient with asthma. Methods: A descriptive method of work was used. A review of domestic and foreign professional literature on first aid and out-of-hospital treatment of an asthma attack published from 2005 to 2022 was made. Literature was searched in the databases CINAHL, Medline, COBIB, Science direct, PubMed and Google Scholar from April 2021 to January 2023. Results: Before starting the treatment, the nurse informs the patient about the course of the disease, self-treatment and the correct use of medicines. When there is a worsening of asthma, we must understand this as a warning, as it may be the result of unsuccessful management of the disease. In patients who have an increased risk of deterioration in a stable condition, multiple controls, greater supervision and more careful medical education are required. If during an asthma attack the person does not have an inhaler or if the inhaler is ineffective, if the fingers and lips turn bluish and the person becomes confused or unresponsive, we as a first aid provider must call EMS. If the patient has any signs or symptoms of fatal asthma, he must be continuously monitored and observed. Discussion and conclusion: In the treatment of an asthmatic attack, the most appropriate use is a short-acting bronchodilator. In 2019, the Global Initiative for Asthma issued guidelines recommending the lowest possible doses of inhaled corticosteroids in combination with a long-acting adrenergic receptor agonist for the treatment of asthma. As much as half of adults experience anxiety and depression due to poor control of asthma and the resulting poorer quality of life. The task of healthcare workers is to motivate patients to have self-control of the disease and thus achieve controlled asthma.
Secondary keywords: diploma theses;nursing care;asthma;first aid;emergency department;treatment;health education;
Type (COBISS): Bachelor thesis/paper
Study programme: 0
Thesis comment: Univ. v Ljubljani, Zdravstvena fak., Oddelek za zdravstveno nego
Pages: 18 str.
ID: 18509033