Najpogostejše poškodbe spodnjih udov pri tekačih in njihova preventiva

diplomsko delo

Luka Ravnjak (Author), Dragan Lonzarić (Mentor)

Abstract

Poškodbe spodnjih udov pri tekačih so sorazmerno pogoste in običajno povzročene s prevelikim volumnom treniranja. Napake v treniranju naj bi bile odgovorne za do 60 % poškodb tekačev. Dejavniki tveganja za poškodbe se delijo na notranje in zunanje. Najpogostejši dejavniki tveganja so neprimerne športne in tekaške površine, pomanjkljiva gibljivost sklepov in mišična moč, izpostavljenost prevelikim trenažnim obremenitvam in neprimerna tekaška obutev. Najpogostejši sindromi preobremenitve na spodnjih udih tekačev so sindrom črevnično goleničnega traku (sindrom iliotibialnega trakta), pogačnično stegnenična bolečina (patelofemoralna bolečina), sindrom goleničnega stresa (sindrom stresa tibije), tendinopatija Ahilove kite in plantarni fasciitis. Najpogostejši preventivni ukrepi so redno izvajanje vaj za raztezanje, ogrevanje, kompleksni programi vaj za večanje gibljivosti, mišične moči in ravnovesja, ortoze in skrb za primerno tekaško obutev (vključno z ortopedskimi vložki). Najboljše znanstvene dokaze pridobimo iz randomiziranih in kontroliranih raziskav ter metaanaliz. Močni znanstveni dokazi so enoznačni izsledki več takšnih raziskav. Visoko znanstveno metodološko kakovost raziskovanja je na tem področju težko zagotoviti, zato še vedno ni dokončnih znanstvenih dokazov o preventivni uspešnosti teh ukrepov in programov, kljub njihovim znanstveno dokazanim koristnim učinkom. Obstajajo močni znanstveni dokazi, da je sprememba volumna treniranja preventivni dejavnik za tekaške poškodbe spodnjih udov. Dokazano je, da ortoze lahko izboljšajo biomehaniko spodnjih udov in prevenirajo pojav bolečine v sprednjem delu kolena (ortoze za pogačico). Prav tako je znanstveno dokazano, da kompleksni vadbeni programi prevenirajo poškodbe spodnjih udov tekačev. Ni znanstvenih dokazov o preventivni uspešnosti raztezanja in ogrevanja. To splošno sprejeto prepričanje ni znanstveno potrjeno. Kombinirani vadbeni programi so dokazano preventivno učinkoviti za zmanjšanje poškodb kolena in gležnjev, a samostojni učinek posameznih sestavin takšnega treninga ni opredeljen. Športna obutev mora biti prilagojena tekaški disciplini, terenu in anatomskim ter biomehaničnim posebnostim posameznega tekača in jo je potrebno zamenjati na 500-700 pretečenih kilometrov. Ni znanstvenih dokazov o preventivni uspešnosti tekaške obutve (vključno z vložki). Ker ni zadostnih znanstvenih dokazov, da so dosedanji preventivni ukrepi škodljivi, je potrebno vztrajati pri njihovem nadaljnjem izvajanju. Potrebne so dodatne visokokakovostne znanstvene raziskave za dokončno znanstveno opredelitev preventivne učinkovitosti najpogostejših ukrepov in programov za preprečevanje poškodb na spodnjih udih tekačev.

Keywords

šport;medicina;poškodbe;spodnji udi;tekači;preventiva;tveganje;obremenitev;raztezanje;vaje;ogrevanje;vadba;programi;ortoze;obutev;diplomska dela;

Data

Language:	Slovenian
Year of publishing:	2012
Source:	Maribor
Typology:	2.11 - Undergraduate Thesis
Organization:	UM PEF - Faculty of Education
Publisher:	[L. Ravnjak]
UDC:	61(043.2)
COBISS:	19133960
Views:	2843
Downloads:	942
Average score:	0 (0 votes)
Metadata:

Other data

Secondary language:	English
Secondary title:	THE MOST COMMON LEG INJURIES IN RUNNERS AND THEIR PREVENTION
Secondary abstract:	Leg injuries with runners are common and primarely due to overuse (too high volume of training). Training errors are responsible for up to 60 % of running injuries. Risk factors have been divided in intrinsic and extrinsic category. The most frequent risk factors are unsuitable sports and running surfaces, a lack of joint flexibility and strength, and unproper running shoes. The most frequent syndromes on lower extremity with runners are: iliotibial tract syndrome, patellofemoral pain, tibial stress syndrome, Achilles tendinopathy, and plantar fasciitis. The most frequent and popular preventive strategies are: stretching, warm-up, complex exercise programe based on flexibility, strength and balance, orthosis (including insoles), and proper running shoes. The best scientific evidence derives from randomized and controlled trials. Consistent results from at least two of such trials are needed to define that the results are of strong scientific evidence. High scientific methodology in that field is problematic, therefore the evidence is still lacking. There is strong scientific evidence that achange in the volume of training represents a preventive factor. It is proven that orthosis can ameliorate biomechanics of the leg and prevents anterior knee pain (patellar orthotics). It is scientifically provn that complex exercise programs are effective in the prevention of knee and ankle injuries, but the independent effects of program components are not determined. The statement that stretching and warm-up are succesfull in injury prevention with runners is not scientifically based. Sports shoes have to be specifically chosen according to running discipline, running surface, anatomical and biomechanical runner's foot specificity, and have to be replaced after 500-700 kilometres. Scientific evidence of unintended adverse effects of the most popular preventive strategies is still lacking, therefore it is wise to continue to perform them. More trials of high scientific quality are required to definitely confirm preventive effectiveness of the most popular preventive strategies used with runners.
Secondary keywords:	run;injury risk factors;lower extremity overuse syndromes;injury prevention;stretching;warm-up;complex exercise programes;orthoses;running shoes.;
URN:	URN:SI:UM:
Type (COBISS):	Undergraduate thesis
Thesis comment:	Univ. v Mariboru, Pedagoška fak., Oddelek za športno treniranje
Pages:	VII, 68 f.
Keywords (UDC):	applied sciences;medicine;technology;uporabne znanosti;medicina;tehnika;medical sciences;medicina;
ID:	19930