case studies on bauxite residue and steel slag pavement tiles
Lubica Kriskova (Author), Vilma Ducman (Author), Mojca Loncnar (Author), Anže Tesovnik (Author), Gorazd Žibret (Author), Dimitra Skentzou (Author), Christos Georgopoulos (Author)

Abstract

This research aimed to investigate the potential of using alkali activation technology to valorize steel slag and bauxite residue for the production of high-performance pavement blocks. By utilizing these industrial by-products, the study seeks to reduce their environmental impact and support the development of sustainable construction materials. Lab-scale testing showed that bauxite pavers showed a decrease in mechanical strength with increasing replacement of ordinary Portland cement. Partial replacement up to 20% still exceeded 30 MPa in compressive strength. Steel slag-based pavers achieved the 30 MPa threshold required for the application with selected mix designs. Pilot-scale production-optimized formulations and standards testing, including freeze–thaw resistance, confirmed the technical viability of these products. Life cycle analysis indicated a 25–27% reduction in CO2 emissions for slag-based tiles compared to traditional concrete tiles. Moreover, using industrial residue reduced mineral resource depletion. This study examined the properties of the resulting alkali-activated binders, their ecological benefits, and their performance compared to conventional materials. Through a comprehensive analysis of these applications, our research promotes the circular economy and the advancement of sustainable construction products.

Keywords

alkalijsko aktivirani materiali;gradbeni materiali;boksitni ostanek;žlindra;jeklarska žlindra;tlakovci;alkali-activated materials;building materials;bauxite residue;steel slag;pavers;

Data

Language: English
Year of publishing:
Typology: 1.01 - Original Scientific Article
Organization: GeoZS - Geological Survey of Slovenia
Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International
UDC: 620.1/.2
COBISS: 222369539 Link will open in a new window
ISSN: 1996-1944
Views: 25
Downloads: 8
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Other data

Secondary language: Slovenian
Secondary keywords: alkalijsko aktivirani materiali;gradbeni materiali;boksitni ostanek;žlindra;alkalijsko aktivirani materiali;gradbeni materiali;boksitni ostanek;jeklarska žlindra;tlakovci;
Pages: 1-18 str.
Volume: ǂVol. ǂ18
Issue: ǂiss. ǂ2, [article no.] 257
Chronology: 2025
DOI: 10.3390/ma18020257
ID: 25739217