doktorska disertacija
Kristjan Zahrastnik (Author), Tjaša Ivanc (Mentor), Vesna Rijavec (Co-mentor)

Abstract

Doktorska disertacija interdisciplinarno in holistično obravnava pojav ter vlogo elektronskih dokazov v pravdnem postopku. Elektronski dokazi imajo svojevrstne značilnosti, zaradi katerih jih ne moremo preprosto umestiti in obravnavati v okviru tradicionalnih dokaznih sredstev slovenskega pravdnega postopka. Raznolike lastnosti elektronskih dokazov se kažejo zlasti v njihovi nematerialnosti, sposobnosti tehnološke obsoletnosti, obsežnosti, spremenljivosti in volatilnosti. Tovrstni podatki so lahko zaradi ubikvitete digitalnih naprav, ki bodisi samoniklo bodisi s človeškim dejanjem ustvarjajo elektronske podatke, ključni pri dokazovanju trditev strank o obstoju oziroma neobstoju dejstev, relevantnih za odločbo. Normativna ureditev dokazovanja z elektronskimi dokazi v nacionalni in nadnacionalni zakonodaji ponuja zgolj skopo, a hkrati nujno ogrodje, ki zagotavlja, da se elektronskim podatkom ne sme odreči dopustnosti ter dokazne vrednosti samo zaradi njihove elektronske oblike. Zadevna doktorska disertacija začetno obravnava način umestitev elektronskih dokazov med dokazna sredstva pravdnega postopka, pri čemer izhaja iz afinitete s tradicionalnimi dokaznimi sredstvi, četudi slednja niso prilagojena posebnostim dokaznega postopka z elektronskimi dokazi. Umestitev elektronskih dokazov med stvarna dokazila temelji na premisi izpolnjevanja kvalifikatornih elementov listine. V kolikor dokaz ne izpolnjuje teh kvalifikatornih elementov, se ga podvrže dokazovanju z dokaznim sredstvom ogleda. Takšen način kazuistične umestitve se dopolnjuje še z dopustnostjo dvojne umestitve dokaza med različna dokazna sredstva, glede na okoliščine in namen dokazovanja. Doktorska disertacija nato izpostavlja pravne in tehnično-procesne izzive rokovanja z elektronskimi dokazi, ki obsegajo dileme dopustnosti, presoje verodostojnosti, ocenjevanje dokazne vrednost, predložitve, zavarovanja, izvedbe in hrambe elektronskih dokazov. Spremenljivost in volatilnost kot imanentni lastnosti elektronskih dokazov vplivata na celoten postopek rokovanja z elektronskimi dokazi. Osrednji poudarek je namenjen ovrednotenju vpliva spremenljivosti in volatilnost na presojo verodostojnosti elektronskega dokaza kot elementa ocenjevanja dokazne vrednosti. Pri tem mora sodišče upoštevati podatke o dokazu (metapodatke) in pravne učnike opremljenosti dokaza z elektronskim podpisom. Dosledno mora tudi aplicirati dogmatiko o dokaznem bremenu. Pri presoji verodostojnosti je bistvenega pomena ohranitev integritete elektronskega dokaza, ki se lahko zagotovi zgolj z ustrezno predložitvijo, izvedbo in hrambo. Zmožnosti informacijskega sistema v civilnih postopkih, kljub normativno-pravni podlagi, še niso na ravni, ki bi omogočale predložitev, izvedbo in s hrambo dokaza v elektronskem okolju. Zaradi tega se pojavlja ambivalentnost (pravnega) zavedanja o krhkosti elektronskih dokazov in brezbrižnega zanemarjanja jamstev pri dejanskem razpolaganju z njimi. V nadaljevanju doktorske disertacije so obravnavani primerjalnopravni in čezmejni vidiki dokazovanja z elektronskimi dokazi. V primerjalnopravnem sklopu je opravljena analiza med pravno ureditvijo elektronsko shranjenih podatkov v civilnim postopku pred sodišči Združenih držav Amerike, elektronskih dokazov v nemškem civilnem postopku in elektronskih dokazov v slovenskem pravdnem postopku. Temu sledi še obravnava vloge elektronskih dokazov v čezmejnih postopkih pridobivanja dokazov, ki temeljijo na Uredbi o pridobivanju dokazov. Uredba navkljub nedavni prenovitvi ne vsebuje posebnih določb, ki bi odpravljale neskladja nacionalnih ureditev držav članic EU glede predložitve stvarnih dokazil in omogočale boljše razumevanje taksonomije elektronskih dokazov na nadnacionalni ravni.

Keywords

elektronski dokaz;pravdni postopek;umestitev elektronskih dokazov med dokazna sredstva;verodostojnost elektronskih dokazov;dokazna vrednost elektronskih dokazov;predložitev elektronskih dokazov;hramba elektronskih dokazov;

Data

Language: Slovenian
Year of publishing:
Typology: 2.08 - Doctoral Dissertation
Organization: UM PF - Faculty of Law
Publisher: [K. Zahrastnik]
UDC: 347.94:001.8(043.3)
COBISS: 236204035 Link will open in a new window
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Other data

Secondary language: English
Secondary title: The Role of Electronic Evidence in Contentious Civil Procedure
Secondary abstract: The doctoral dissertation adopts an interdisciplinary and holistic approach to examine the emergence and role of electronic evidence in contentious civil procedure. Electronic evidence exhibits unique characteristics that challenge its straightforward classification within the traditional means of proof of Slovenian contentious civil procedure. These distinct features include immateriality, susceptibility to technological obsolescence, vastness, changeability, and volatility. Given the ubiquity of digital devices, which autonomously or through human interaction generate electronic data, such data can be pivotal in proving parties' claims concerning the existence or non-existence of facts relevant to judgement. The normative framework regulating electronic evidence in national and supranational legislation provides only a limited yet necessary foundation to ensure that electronic data is not denied admissibility or evidentiary value solely based on its digital form. This doctoral dissertation initially addresses how electronic evidence is classified among the means of proof in civil procedure, drawing upon its affinity with traditional means of proof despite the latter being ill-suited to the unique characteristics of electronic evidence. The classification of electronic evidence as real evidence is based on the premise of meeting the qualifying criteria of a document. The evidence is treated as an inspection object if it does not meet these qualifying elements. This casuistic approach to classification is supplemented by the possibility of dual categorisation, allowing evidence to be placed within different means of proof depending on the circumstances and objectives of the evidence. The dissertation further explores the legal and technical-procedural challenges associated with handling electronic evidence, including issues such as admissibility, authenticity and reliability assessment, evaluation of evidentiary value, submission, preservation, execution, and storage of electronic evidence. Electronic evidence's inherent changeability and volatility affect every stage of the evidentiary process. The key focus is on evaluating the impact of changeability and volatility on the assessment of the authenticity and reliability of electronic evidence, particularly as part of evaluating its overall evidentiary value. In this regard, the court must consider the metadata and the legal effects of the electronic signature accompanying the evidence. Additionally, it must consistently apply the doctrine of the burden of proof. In assessing authenticity, preserving the integrity of electronic evidence is crucial, and this can only be ensured through appropriate submission, execution, and storage procedures. Despite a normative legal framework, the current capabilities of the information systems in civil proceedings are not yet sufficient to fully support the submission, execution, and storage of evidence in a purely electronic environment. This gives rise to an ambivalence between (legal) awareness of the fragility of electronic evidence and a practical disregard for the safeguards necessary in handling such evidence. The dissertation proceeds with an analysis of the comparative legal and cross-border aspects of electronic evidence. The comparative legal analysis covers the legal regulation of electronically stored data in civil procedures before courts in the United States, electronic evidence in German civil procedure, and electronic evidence in Slovenian contentious civil procedure. Additionally, the dissertation examines the role of electronic evidence in cross-border evidence-gathering procedures under the EU Regulation on Taking of Evidence. Despite its recent recast, the Regulation lacks specific provisions to address discrepancies between the national laws of EU Member States regarding the submission of real evidence, nor does it provide a comprehensive framework for the taxonomy of electronic evidence at the supranational level.
Secondary keywords: electronic evidence;contentious civil procedure;classification of electronic evidence in means of evidence;authentication of electronic evidence;evidentiary value of electronic evidence;submission of electronic evidence;electronic evidence storage;
Type (COBISS): Doctoral dissertation
Thesis comment: Univ. v Mariboru, Pravna fak.
Pages: 302 str.
ID: 25748702