Kriminalistično preiskovanje piramidnih sistemov

diplomsko delo visokošolskega strokovnega študija Varnost in policijsko delo

Urška Vidmar (Author), Jakob Demšar (Mentor)

Abstract

»Oropaj enega, da izplačaš drugega« je misel, ki zelo nazorno in jedrnato sporoči bistvo piramidnih iger. Piramidne igre so torej dejavnost, pri kateri udeleženci vplačujejo denarne zneske z namenom, da dobijo vplačila povrnjena z velikimi obrestmi. Vlagateljem je na začetku, ob vstopu v piramidno igro, obljubljen zelo visok zaslužek brez velikega truda. Za izplačila morajo v sistem vedno znova vstopati novi vlagatelji, da se z njihovimi vložki povrnejo obresti starim članom piramidne igre. Vsak mora po vstopu v igro pripeljati še nekaj novih članov. Sistem pa se ne more širiti v neskončnost. Piramidna igra je obsojena na propad, saj se zalomi, ko zmanjka novih vlagateljev. V igro ni več priliva svežega denarja, s katerim bi odplačevali obresti vseh vlagateljev, in s tem se kroženje denarja zaključi. Več časa kot piramidna igra traja, večje je število oškodovancev, ki so sodelovali in na koncu ostali brez prihrankov, vloženega denarja in obresti, ki so jim bile obljubljene na začetku. Začetnik piramidnih iger je italijanski poslovnež Charles Ponzi, po katerem se ta sistem tudi imenuje, in včasih namesto izraza piramidni sistem zasledimo tudi izraz Ponzijeve sheme. Poleg Ponzija je drugi najbolj znani goljuf, ki se je ukvarjal s piramidnimi sistemi, Bernard Madoff. Ta je eden redkih, ki je za svoj zločin tudi kazensko odgovarjal in zaradi goljufije pristal v zaporu. Piramidne sheme so po slovenski zakonodaji nelegalne in so opredeljene kot kaznivo dejanje v kazenskem zakoniku. Obravnavamo jih kot kaznivo dejanje v 212. členu, organiziranje denarnih verig in nedovoljenih iger na srečo, lahko pa tudi po 221. členu goljufije ali po 228. členu poslovne goljufije. Piramidne igre velikokrat povezujemo z mrežnim marketingom. Med njima je tanka meja, gre le za vprašanje namena. Če je cilj prodaja in oglaševanje izdelka, je to mrežni marketing in je stvar zakonita, če pa je namen le pobrati denar naivnih vlagateljev, gre za piramidno igro in posledično za kaznivo dejanje. Piramidne igre so potekale tudi v Sloveniji. Najbolj odmevne so bile Catch the Cash, Fair Play, Gem Collection, Remius, Finanzas Forex …

Keywords

gospodarska kriminaliteta;goljufije;poslovne goljufije;piramidne igre;mrežni marketing;preiskovanje;odkrivanje;diplomske naloge;

Data

Language:	Slovenian
Year of publishing:	2013
Source:	[Ljubljana
Typology:	2.11 - Undergraduate Thesis
Organization:	UM FVV - Faculty of Criminal Justice
Publisher:	U. Vidmar]
UDC:	343.37(043.2)
COBISS:	2604266
Views:	5599
Downloads:	584
Average score:	0 (0 votes)
Metadata:

Other data

Secondary language:	English
Secondary abstract:	»Rob Peter to pay Paul« is a saying which very clearly and concisely shows the purpose of pyramid schemes. In this kind of systems the participants pay some amount of money in order to get the refund with big interest. When taking part in a pyramid scheme, investors are promised to get a very high return without making a lot of effort. However, to make the system work, there should be new participants entering the game all the time as their contributions cover the interest that is paid to old members. So when someone enters the scheme, he has to bring in new members. Thus, the system cannot sustain itself indefinitely. It usually collapses when it runs out of new participants. If there is no more money coming into the system, there is no money to pay the interest and the circulation of money stops. The pyramid scheme is doomed to fail. The longer the game lasts the higher the number of victims who have participated is. The participants often end up without their savings, invested money and promised interest. Italian businessman Charles Ponzi is known as the pioneer of pyramid schemes. After him this kind of systems are also called Ponzi schemes. Another famous fraudster dealing with pyramid schemes is Bernard Madoff. He is one of the few who were convicted for their fraud. According to Slovenian law, pyramid schemes are illegal and are defined as a criminal offense in the Criminal code. They refer to Article 212, Organizing money chains and illegal gambling, to Article 221, Frauds, or to Article 228, Business frauds. Pyramid schemes are often associated with multi-level marketing. There is a fine line between them, it is just a question of intent. If the purpose is to sell and advertise some product, then we are talking about multi-level marketing, which is legal. However, when the sole purpose is to collect money from naive investors, it is a pyramid scheme, which is treated as a criminal offense. Pyramid schemes also took place in Slovenia. The most known were Catch the Cash, Fair Play, Gem Collection, Remius, Finanzas Forex…
URN:	URN:SI:UM:
Type (COBISS):	Bachelor thesis/paper
Thesis comment:	Univ. v Mariboru, Fak. za varnostne vede, Ljubljana
Pages:	48 str.
Keywords (UDC):	social sciences;družbene vede;law;jurisprudence;pravo;pravoznanstvo;criminal law;penal offences;kazensko pravo;kazniva dejanja;offences against the state;
ID:	80737