doktorska disertacija
Marjeta Humar (Author), Irena Stramljič Breznik (Mentor)

Abstract

Protipomenskost kot jezikovni pojav temelji na specifičnem načinu človekovega dojemanja sveta, ki ga sestavljajo nasprotja, kar ugotavlja psihologija, princip nasprotja je značilen za različne filozofske smeri, je prvina logike, pomemben element govorništva in literarnega izražanja. Osnovni element protipomenskosti v jeziku je protipomenka ali antonim. Najpreprostejša definicija protipomenke je beseda ali besedna zveza z nasprotnim pomenom. Protipomenskost se tako nanaša na razmerje med besedami. S protipomenskostjo se ukvarja pomenoslovje, ki temu razmerju v splošnem jeziku posveča več pozornosti zlasti od 60. let 20. stoletja naprej, zlasti ruski (Apresjan, Novikov, Kobozeva), češki (Filipec), slovaški (Mistrík, Dolník), francoski (Guilbert), angleški (Lyons), bolgarski (Gočev) in drugi jezikoslovci. Na področju Jugoslavije so se s protipomenskostjo največ ukvarjali Srbi (Gortan - Premk, Dragičević) in Hrvatje (Šarić, Mihaljević, Hudeček). V slovenskih slovnicah so protipomenke prvič omenjene v Toporišičevi slovnici (1998), natančneje pa so prikazane v delih Marije Golden in Ade Vidovič Muha. Bistvene razlike v pojmovanju protipomenskosti se kažejo v delitvi protipomenk. Najbolj sporna je t. i. konverzivnost ali konverznost, ki je nekateri ne štejejo k protipomenskosti (zlasti tisti, ki izhajajo iz Lyonsa), pač pa k opozicijam. Od 80. let naprej nastajajo študije, ki obravnavajo posamezne elemente protipomenskosti: binarnost, besedotvorne značilnosti protipomenk (Stramljič Breznik), srednji člen, pomenska polja, značilna za protipomenke. Slovaropisna teorija, kot je pokazal pregled, priporoča navajanje protipomenk v splošnih slovarjih. Terminološki slovaropisni priročniki na protipomenskost redkeje opozarjajo. Poudarjajo pa, da se protipomensko razmerje zmeraj vzpostavlja med protipomenkama na istem strokovnem področju in da je protipomenke treba navajati parno. S terminološko protipomenskostjo so se največ ukvarjali Hrvatje (Mihaljević, Hudeček), ki ugotavljajo nekatere slabosti navajanja protipomenk v terminoloških slovarjih, zlasti neustrezno različno strukturiranost definicij. Zelo pomemben je njihov delež pri določitvi vrst terminoloških protipomenk (Mihaljević, Šarić). Te delijo na kvalitativne, vektorske, komplementarne, koordinacijske in konverzivne. Bistvena razlika med protipomenkami v splošnem jeziku in tistimi v terminologiji je, da ni t. i. gradacijskih ali stopnjevalnih/stopnjevitostnih, saj je pomen terminov natančno določen. Pri analizi protipomenk v slovenskih terminoloških slovarjih so se pokazala nekatera dejstva, na katera jezikoslovje do sedaj ni opozarjalo. Nosilci protipomenskosti so t. i. RPS (razlikovalne pomenske sestavine), teh pa je v definiciji lahko več, tako se lahko v okviru ene razlage vzpostavi več enakih ali različnih protipomenskih razmerij. Dosedanje delitve terminoloških protipomenk na vrste so se glede na gradivo slovenskih terminoloških slovarjev izkazale kot manj ustrezne, zato uvajam naslednje vrste: absolutne, nasprotnolastnostne, xv nasprotnodejanjske, nasprotnoprocesne, nasprotnosmerne, nasprotnopoložajne, nasprotnočasne, nasprotnoosebne in količinske protipomenke. Prikazovanje protipomenk v slovenskih slovarjih ima dolgotrajno tradicijo, saj se začne že v t. i. neknjižnih slovarjih v jezikoslovnih delih slovenskih protestantov in nadaljuje s Cigaletovo Znanstveno terminologijo s posebnim ozirom na srednja učilišča (1880), kjer so protipomenke prvič označene, in sicer kot opp. Ta oznaka kaže na povezanost Cigaletovega slovarja s češkim slovarjem Německo-český Slovník védeckého názvosloví pro gymnasia a reálne školy (1853) in s Šulekovo Terminologijo (1874). Tako oznako je uporabil tudi Pleteršnik v Slovensko-nemškem slovarju (1894). V vseh treh slovarjih je izkazanih razmeroma malo protipomenk. Največji problem je neparno prikazovanje. S Slovarjem slovenskega knjižnega jezika se uveljavi oznaka ant. (antonim), ki jo ob protipomenka in nasprotje, najpogosteje uporabljajo nov

Keywords

slovenščina;protipomenke;terminologija;slovarji;disertacije;

Data

Language: Slovenian
Year of publishing:
Typology: 2.08 - Doctoral Dissertation
Organization: UM FF - Faculty of Arts
Publisher: M. Humar]
UDC: 811.163.6'373.422(043.3)
COBISS: 20023816 Link will open in a new window
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Secondary language: English
Secondary title: Antonymy in Standard Slovenian on the Example of Terminological Dictionaries
Secondary abstract: Antonymy as a language phenomenon is based on a specific manner of how one sees the world; as established by psychology the world consists of opposites, and the principle of the opposite is characteristic of various philosophical currents as a feature of logic and is also an important part of rhetoric and literary expression. The basic element of antonymy is the antonym. The simplest definition of an antonym is "a word or a phrase expressing the opposite meaning". Antonymy relates to the relation between words and falls under the field of semantics, which began studying this phenomenon in more detail in the 1960s. Most prominent work in this regard was done by the linguists from Russia (Apresyan, Novikov, Kobozeva), the Czech Republic (Filipec), Slovakia (Mistrík, Dolník), France (Guilbert), England (Lyons), Bulgaria (Gočev) and other countries. On the territory of ex-Yugoslavia this field was most researched by the Serbs (Gortan-Premk, Dragičević) and the Croatians (Šarić, Mihaljević, Hudeček). In Slovenian grammar books the first mention of antonymy dates back to Toporišič's grammar book from 1998. This field is presented in more detail in the works of Marija Golden and Ada Vidovič Muha. Fundamental differences expressed in the way antonyms are divided exist in the very notion of antonymy. The most controversial is the so-called "conversiveness", which some do not consider as forming part of antonymy (particularly those who follow Lyons), but rank it among oppositions. Since the 1980s there have been studies dealing with individual elements of antonymy such as binarity, word-formational characteristics of antonyms (Stramljič Breznik), the midle article and the semantic fields characteristic of antonyms. The lexicographic theory, as shown by this review, holds that antonyms should be listed in general dictionaries. Antonymy is more rarely stressed in terminological lexicographic manuals, though they do stress that the antonymic relation is always established between two antonyms in the same professional field and that antonyms should be listed in pairs. The terminological antonymy was primarily researched by the Croatians (Mihaljević, Hudeček), who have established certain weaknesses in listing antonyms in terminological dictionaries, referring particularly to the improperly and ununiformly structured definitions. They made an invaluable contribution to establishing the types of terminological antonyms (Mihaljević, Šarić), ranking them into qualitative, vector, complimentary, coordinative and conversive. 1 Povzetek je prevedel Matija Pavlič, prof. xviii The essential difference between the antonyms in general language and those in terminology is that there are no gradation or comparative antonyms since the meaning of terms is precisely defined. The analysis of antonyms in Slovenian terminological dictionaries revealed certain facets that have up to now not been in the focus of linguistic theory. The agents of antonymy are the so-called differential semantic components', which according to definition can be many, signifying that in the framework of one explanation several identical or various antonymic relations may be established. The work done so far on dividing terminological antonyms into various types has, based on Slovenian terminological dictionaries, proved inadequate. It is for this reason that I would like to introduce the following distinction among various types of antonyms: absolute, contrary-characteristic, contrary-acting, contrary-processing, contrary-directional, contrary-positional, contrary-temporal, contrary-personal and quantitive. The presentation of antonyms in Slovenian dictionaries goes a long way back, starting already in the so-called non-standard dictionaries pertaining to the language works of Slovenian Protestants and continuing with Cigale's Znanstvena terminologija s posebnim ozirom na srednja učilišča (Scientific Terminology with Special Focus on Secondary Schools, 1880), where antonyms were marked for the first time in the form of notes.
Secondary keywords: Slovene language;antonymes;terminology;dictionaries;dissertations;
URN: URN:SI:UM:
Type (COBISS): Dissertation
Thesis comment: Univ. v Mariboru, Filozofska fak., Oddelek za slovanske jezike in književnosti
Pages: XX, 402 str.
ID: 8727078