Konceptualni model oživitve trga toplotnih solarnih sistemov v Evropski uniji

magistrsko delo

Zala Grivec (Author), Romana Korez-Vide (Mentor), Matjaž Denac (Co-mentor)

Abstract

Pri analizi energetske bilance ugotovimo, da smo zašli v napačno smer. Soočamo se s podnebnimi spremembami, odvisnost od uvoza nafte in drugih fosilnih goriv vpliva na našo družbo, ki postaja občutljiva na spremembe, ki se dogajajo na tem področju (neenakomerna nihanja cen goriv, nerealne in nemogoče prihodnje napovedi analitikov glede dogajanja s fosilnimi gorivi ter njihovimi cenami, prekinitve dobav zaradi političnih ozadij …). V teh razmerah postane sektor obnovljivih energij, v našem primeru sončna energija, zelo dobra alternativa, saj zmanjšuje odvisnost od fosilnih goriv ter omogoča zmanjševanje emisije toplogrednih plinov oz. onesnaževanje okolja, izkorišča cenovno ugodnejše in čiste energetske vire ter omogoča tehnološki razvoj lokalni industriji. Zavedanje, da so obnovljivi viri energije, izmed katerih je tudi sončna, ključnega pomena za trajnostno prihodnost našega planeta, je treba dvigniti na višjo raven. Z uporabo sončne energije s pomočjo toplotnih solarnih sistemov se tako prispeva v boju proti podnebnim spremembam, pozitivnim učinkom glede zanesljivosti oskrbe z energijo ter zmanjšanju odvisnosti od fosilnih goriv, ustvarjanju novih lokalnih delovnih mest ter čistejšemu okolju za življenje ljudi. Današnje toplotne solarne tehnologije so učinkovite in zanesljive pri zagotavljanju sončne energije za široko uporabo – od ogrevanja sanitarne vode do ogrevanja prostorov stanovanjskih stavb in javnih zgradb, solarnega hlajenja, solarnega daljinskega ogrevanja, proizvodnje procesne toplote ter razsoljevanja morske vode. Sončna energija prinaša koristi za končnega uporabnika in za družbo kot celoto. Ekonomska korist sončne energije je torej nadomeščanje uporabe fosilnih goriv, s čimer se zmanjšuje stroške ogrevanja in se jih na ta način lažje načrtuje. Strojna oprema in vgradnja predstavljajo skoraj vse stroške ogrevalnega sistema, medtem ko za delovanje ne potrebuje goriva in ima nižje stroške vzdrževanja v času delovanja. Nasprotno to velja za konvencionalne sisteme ogrevanja, kjer se večina stroškov pojavi med dobo delovanja (gorivo). Četudi bi lahko domnevali dolgoročno stabilne cene energije, obstaja v Evropi ogromen tehnični potencial za vgradnjo TSS s povračilno dobo od 5 do 15 let, kar je veliko manj od povprečne dobe uporabe – 20 do 25 let za tovrstne alternativne ogrevalne sisteme. Torej je toplotni solarni sistem dolgoročno racionalna investicija. Tehnični potencial je seveda toliko višji, če bodo cene energije dolgoročno naraščale – in ob upoštevanju dejanskih družbeno-političnih in okoljskih stroškov uporabe fosilnih goriv. V nekaterih državah je že vidna jasna povezava med poviševanjem cen konvencionalnih goriv ter večanjem povpraševanja po sprejemnikih sončne energije. Vendar pa največji del potencialne rabe sončne energije ekonomsko ne preživi pod sedanjimi tržnimi pogoji. Največjo prepreko rasti predstavljajo visoki začetni investicijski stroški, kar je finančni in psihološki element pri končnih uporabnikih, ki se neracionalno raje odločajo za konvencionalne vire in s tem za višje stroške v prihodnosti ter zavračajo dolgoročno optimalno različico prav zaradi visokih začetnih investicijskih stroškov. Da bi odstranili te ovire, veliko lokalnih, regionalnih in nacionalnih vlad sprejema spodbujevalno politiko in tako ponuja finančne spodbude za vgradnjo TSS. Do zdaj so bile tovrstne spodbude ključni element za razvoj trga toplotnih solarnih sistemov, predvsem v tistih delih, kjer je ta trg v začetnih razvojnih fazah. Pod sedanjimi pogoji bi ukinitev teh spodbud pomenila veliko škodo in stagnacijo tega trga. Izkušnje najbolj razvitih trgov kažejo, da je ta trg lahko samostojen brez finančnih spodbud takrat, ko je dosežen minimum kritične mase. Pri finančnih spodbudah količina ni zadosten pogoj, saj morajo biti pazljivo zastavljene, da zagotovijo zdravo tržno rast. Gre za velik tehnični potencial ekonomije obsega različnih stopenj vrednostne verige.

Keywords

mednarodni trg;obnovljivi viri energije;sončna energija;solarni sistem;solarna energija;toplotna energija;zmogljivost;tržna analiza;konceptualni model;

Data

Language:	Slovenian
Year of publishing:	2016
Typology:	2.09 - Master's Thesis
Organization:	UM EPF - Faculty of Economics and Business
Publisher:	[Z. Grivec]
UDC:	502.174.3:523.9(043.2)
COBISS:	12496668
Views:	823
Downloads:	57
Average score:	0 (0 votes)
Metadata:

Other data

Secondary language:	English
Secondary title:	ǂThe ǂconceptual model of solar thermal systems market resurgence in the European Union
Secondary abstract:	In the analysis of the energy balance we establish, that we went into the wrong direction. We are facing climate changes; dependence on the import of oil and fossil fuels infects our society, which is becoming sensitive to changes occuring in this area (uneven fluctuations of fuel prices, unrealistic and impossible future analyst predictions regarding the development of fossil fuels and their prices, interruptions of supply due to political backgrounds). In this circumstances the sector of renewable energies, in our case the solar energy, becomes a very good alternative, for it reduces the dependency on fossil fuels and enables the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, e.g. environmental pollution. It exploits more affordable and cleaner energy sources and enables the technological equipment for the local industry. Awareness that the renewable energy sources, among those also the solar energy, is of crucial importance for the sustainable future of our planet, has to be raised to a higher level. By using solar energy through thermal solar systems, we contribute to the fight against climate changes, to the positive impact regarding the energy supply, and the reduction of dependence on fossil fuels, the creation of new local jobs as well as a cleaner environment for human life. The thermal solar technologies of today are efficient and reliable with ensuring solar energy for wide use – from the preparation of hot sanitary water to heating of residential buildings, and public buildings, solar cooling, solar remote heating, production of process heat and the desalination of sea water. Solar energy brings benefits for the end-consumer as well as for the society as a whole. The economic benefit of solar energy is therefore in the replacement of the use of fossil fuel, through which we reduce heating costs and enable better planning. The hardware and installation represents almost all costs of the heating system, while it doesn't require any fuel for the operation and has during the operation lower maintenance costs. The contrary is valid for conventional heating systems, where the majority of costs appear during the operational lifespan itself (the fuel). Even if we could assume long-term stabile energy prices, Europe shows a huge technical potential for the installation of TSS with a retributive period of 5-15 years, which is a lot less than the average lifespan of 20-25 years for this type of alternative heating systems. Therefore the thermal solar system is a long-term rational investment. The technical potential is naturally higher, if the energy prices rise in long-term and with taking into account socio-political and environmental costs of fossil fuel use. In some countries the link between the increase in prices of conventional fuels and the increasing demand for solar energy collectors is clear. However, the biggest part of the potential solar energy use cannot survive economically under the current market conditions. The largest obstacle in growth lies in the high initial investment costs, what represents a financial and psychological element in end-customers, who irrationally prefer to choose the conditional sources; and these higher costs in the future and refuse a long-term optimal version just because of those high initial investment costs. To overcome these obstacles a lot of local, regional and national governments adopt incentive policies and so they offer financial incentives for the installation of TSS. So far, such incentives were the key element for the development of the market of thermal solar systems, especially in those parts, where this market is in early development stages. Under present conditions, the elimination of those incentives would entail great damage and stagnation of this market. The experience from the most developed markets shows, that this market can be independent without financial incentives when a minimum of the critical mass is reached.
Secondary keywords:	solar energy;solar thermal system;solar thermal collectors;the solar thermal systems market;renewable energy sources;
URN:	URN:SI:UM:
Type (COBISS):	Master's thesis
Thesis comment:	Univ. v Mariboru, Ekonomsko-poslovna fak.
Pages:	VI, 121 str.
ID:	9139982