Pravica do pitne vode

magistrska naloga

Maja Lukič (Author), Rajko Knez (Mentor)

Abstract

Ta naloga obravnava vsebino pravice do pitne vode in dostop do vode kot temeljno pravico, potrebno za življenje in zdravje ljudi, ki se osredotoča na vprašanje, ali in kako se ta pravica lahko izvrši. Voda je naravna dobrina in predmet posebnega pravnega režima, ki je izvzeta iz koncepta privatne lastnine. Pritisk za opredelitev vode kot tržne dobrine in ne kot javnega dobra raste, kar bi posledično lahko pripeljalo do posledice, da čista pitna voda ne bi bila na voljo številnim prebivalcem. Interesi multinacionalnih podjetij za nakup/trgovanje s pitno vodo naraščajo, zato je še toliko bolj pomembneje, da se uredi pravno varstvo posameznika in ugotovi odgovornost države za zagotavljanje dostopa do čiste pitne vode, na najvišji možni ravni, kar je v Ustavi vsake države. Generalna skupščina je sprejela Resolucijo o človekovi pravici do vode in sanitarij, kjer je pravica do varne in čiste pitne vode in sanitarij priznana kot človekova pravica, ki je bistvenega pomena za polno uživanje življenja in vseh človekovih pravic. Resolucija poziva države in mednarodne organizacije na zagotovitev finančnih virov, krepitev zmogljivosti in tehnologije, da bi zagotovili varno, čisto in cenovno dostopno pitno vodo za vsakogar. Ker EU prepušča odločitev o tem, kako organizirati oskrbo pitne vode vsaki posamezni državi članici, je ta v Sloveniji skoraj v celoti urejena z podzakonskimi predpisi. Zato bi morala Ustava urediti, ne samo, da je voda javno dobro, temveč tudi, da se oskrba prebivalstva s pitno vodo lahko izvaja le v okviru neprofitne javne službe. Pomembno je, da si država prizadeva za izredno spoštovanje teh pravic z vzpostavitvijo ustreznih pravnih in tehničnih mehanizmov za zagotavljanje dostopa do vode, varstva vodnih virov ter naložbe v tehnologije, ki bi olajšala oskrbo z vodo ter, da si prizadevajo za izboljšanje razmer, tako da lahko postane spoštovanje teh pravic vsem omogočeno. Glede na to, je del te naloge tudi vprašanje privatizacije in komercializacije pitne vode. Vsako delovanje zasebnikov, je z namenom pridobivanja dobička, ne glede na to, ali so tudi lastniki vodnih virov. Trk med zasebnim interesom in javnim dobrim, je manj verjeten, če je oskrba javna. Del magistrskega dela je tudi celovita analiza trenutnega stanja s prednostmi in slabostmi različnih načinov urejanja pravice do pitne vode, z ustavo ali z zakonom, s primerjavo med različnimi načini upravljanja v naslednjih državah: Slovaški, Belgiji, Nemčiji, Franciji, Nizozemski, Urugvaju, Indiji, Izraelu, Južni Afriki in Združenem kraljestvu Velike Britanije in Severne Irske. Naloga vsebuje tudi praktične izkušnje in težave, ki nastanejo zaradi pomanjkanja investicij v komunalni infrastrukturi, kar vpliva tudi na samo kakovost pitne vode. Primerjava učinkov priznanja človekove pravice do vode v ustavah posameznih držav kaže, da pravica do vode ni izboljšala dostopa do vode. Glavni razlog za to je, da oskrba z vodo zahteva funkcionalno vlado. Učinkovita ureditev torej ne pomeni samo vpisa pravice do vode v ustavo, ampak tudi spremembo drugih zakonskih predpisov ter celotnega režima upravljanja voda. Pomembno je zavedanje, da v kolikor govorimo o človekovi pravici do vode, zapisano v ustavi, mora odgovornost za to biti na državi in ne na posamezni občini. Ta naloga vsebuje tudi nov predlog slovenske ustavne opredelitve pravice do pitne vode, saj je glede na to, da je voda vir življenja, pomembno, da se ukrepa ustrezno, ter na družbeno odgovoren način, tudi še za vse naše zanamce.

Keywords

varstvo okolja;pitna voda;pravica do pitne vode;Ustava;privatizacija;komercializacija;javne službe;javno dobro;magistrske naloge;

Data

Language:	Slovenian
Year of publishing:	2016
Typology:	2.09 - Master's Thesis
Organization:	UM PF - Faculty of Law
Publisher:	M. Lukić]
UDC:	349:351.778.31(043.2)
COBISS:	5128747
Views:	3203
Downloads:	661
Average score:	0 (0 votes)
Metadata:

Other data

Secondary language:	English
Secondary title:	The right to drinking water
Secondary abstract:	This thesis discusses the content of the right to drinking water and the access to water as the fundamental to human life and health, focusing on the question if and how the right can be enforced. Water is a natural resource and is a subject of a special legal regime, which is exempt from the concept of private ownership. The pressure for defining water as a marketable good and no longer as a public good is growing, which would consequently lead to clean drinking water not being accessible for many residents. The interests of multinationals sources to buy drinking water are growing, so it is all even more important, to regulate the legal protection of the individual and establish state responsibility to provide access to clean drinking water on the highest possible level, which is in the Constitution of each country. The General Assembly adopted the resolution on the human right to water and sanitation, where they recognized the right to safe and clean drinking water as a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of life and all human rights. The resolution also calls upon States and international organizations to provide financial resources, capacity-building and technology transfer in order to provide safe, clean, accessible and affordable drinking water for all. Since the EU leaves the decision on how to organize the drinking water supplies to the individual member states, in Slovenia it is almost entirely regulated by implementing acts. Therefore, the Constitution should moreover regulate not only that the water is a public good, but also, that to supply the population with drinking water can be carried out only through a non-profit public service. It is important for the State to strive for the utmost respect of these rights through the establishment of appropriate legal and technical mechanisms to ensure access to water, protection of water resources, and investing in technology that would facilitate the supply of water, in particular, seek to improve the situation, so that the respect of those rights can become possible to everyone. According to this, a part of this thesis is also the issue of privatization and commercialization of drinking water. Any operation of private investor is in fact acting to make a profit, regardless if they are also the owners of water resources. A collision between private interest and public good is less likely to occur, if the supply is public. Part of the thesis is also a comprehensive analysis of the current situation with the advantages and disadvantages of each mode of regulation of the right to drinking water, either by the Constitution or by the law, through the comparison of the organization in the following countries: Slovakia, Belgium, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Uruguay, India, Israel, South Africa and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The thesis contains also practical experiences and problems by the lack of investment in urban infrastructure, which effects the quality of drinking water. Comperison of the impact of the constitution regulation in the countries that recognised the human right to water shows, that a right to water didn't produce better access to water. The main reason of that is, that the water supply requires a functional government. The change has to be made not only by writing a right to water in the Constitution, but also on statutes and regulations of the whole water regime. The most important is to realize that the responsibility to supply drinking water shall be on the State level and not on the municipality level. The thesis contains also a new proposal of the slovenian constitutional definition of the right to drinking water. Since the water is fundamental to sustain life, it is important to act properly and in a socially responsible way also for all of our posterity.
Secondary keywords:	environmental law;drinking water;right;constitution;privatization;commercialization;public services;public goods;
URN:	URN:SI:UM:
Type (COBISS):	Master's thesis
Thesis comment:	Univ. v Mariboru, Pravna fak.
Pages:	268 str.
ID:	9143373