Institut skupinske tožbe

diplomsko delo

Nastja Jurišič (Author), Rajko Knez (Mentor)

Abstract

Z diplomskim delom podrobneje predstavim institut skupinske tožbe. Kljub mnogim poskusom, da bi se ta institut v pravi obliki uveljavil v kontinentalnem pravnem sistemu, temu do sedaj še ni tako. Skupinsko tožbo v pravi obliki pozna anglosaški pravni sistem. ZDA so bile tiste, ki so razvile in prve prenesle v praktično uporabo institut skupinske tožbe. Skupinska tožba je tožba, kjer na strani tožnikov nastopa več strank, ki so bile oškodovane zaradi enakih škodljivih posledic. Namen združevanja je v prvi vrsti ekonomski, saj imajo posamezni tožniki manjše zahtevke, s katerimi v pravdi ne bi uspeli proti ekonomsko veliko močnejšim podjetjem, na strani katerih je prišlo do prepovedane posledice. Ena izmed glavnih značilnosti skupinske tožb je prav ekonomska premoč tožene stranke. Tožena stranka v postopku je podjetje, njeni zastopniki ali upravljalci. Bodisi obrat podjetja povzroča škodljive posledice okolju, njihovi izdelki na trgu vsebujejo prepovedane snovi, izvajajo pomankljivo storitev ali obljubljajo učinke, katerih se dejansko s proizvodom ne da doseči. Posledice se lahko kažejo na stvareh, v okolju ( Class action) ali na premoženju in zdravju ljudi (massive tort). Tožnike v postopku zastopajo odvetniki. Ti vodijo vse stopnje tožbe, do samega zaključka - izdane sodbe ali sklenjene poravnave. Zadeva se prične odkrivati s samo ugotovitvijo, da ima posamezna stvar ali storitev negativen vpliv ter da povzroča prepovedane posledice. Zagovorniki v tej fazi začnejo s preiskavo in zbiranjem dokazov. Ko so dejstva o negativnih vplivih dodobro raziskana in podprta z dokazi, se začne postopek odkrivanja potencialni oškodovancev, če niso znani že med postopkom preiskave. Obstajata dva različna sistema po katerih so tožniki vključeni v skupinsko tožbo. Po sistemu opt-in so vključeni samo posamezni oškodovanci, ki eksplicitno izjavijo, da želijo biti udeleženi v učinkih izdane sodbe oziroma sklenjene poravnave. Sistem opt-out pa predpostavlja avtomatsko vključitev vseh posameznikov, na katere se negativne posledice raztezajo. Ko so razjasnjena dejstva primera, zagovorniki pripravijo osnutek tožbe, na podlagi katerega predsedujoči sodnik odloča o utemeljenosti skupinske tožbe (kvalifikacija tožbe). Sodišče ima v tej fazi možnost zaslišanja katerokoli od strank ter lahko zahteva predložitev vseh potrebnih dokazov. Sodnik ima na tem mestu možnost tožbo sprejeti ali zavrniti. Če je tožba sprejeta gre zadeva dalje v odločanje pred poroto. Kar 90% vseh primerov skupinskih tožb ne dočaka postopka pred poroto, saj stranki že v predhodni fazi skleneta poravnavo. Poravnava je najznačilnejši element skupinske tožbe v ameriškem pravnem sistemu. Z njo se stranke pogodijo o višini odškodnine in ostalih stroških postopka. Ko pride do poravnave je zadeva zaključena. Če je primer takšnih razsežnosti, da so posledice vidne v večih zveznih državah govorimo o globalni poravnavi. Problem nastane pri t.i. "izsiljenih poravnavah". Tožena stranka se želi čimhitreje poravnati, da se zadeva zaključi, zagovorniki pa prepogosto prehitro pristanejo na poravnave, s prenizkim zneskom odškodnine. Lahko bi rekli, da je možnost zlorab v nekakšnem sorazmerju s pozitivnimi lastnostmi, ki ji prinaša skupinska tožba.

Keywords

diplomska dela;

Data

Language:	Slovenian
Year of publishing:	2016
Typology:	2.11 - Undergraduate Thesis
Organization:	UM PF - Faculty of Law
Publisher:	[N. Jurišič]
UDC:	347.922.6(043.2)
COBISS:	5336619
Views:	1938
Downloads:	124
Average score:	0 (0 votes)
Metadata:

Other data

Secondary language:	English
Secondary title:	Class Action
Secondary abstract:	In this thesis I present the institute of class action in detail. Despite many attempts to establish this institute in right form in the continental legal system, up till now it is not yet the case. Class action in the right form is familiar in the Anglo-Saxon legal system. The US were first to develop and introduce class action in practical use. Class action is the action, when there are several parties on the side of the plaintiffs, who have been affected by the same adverse consequences. The purpose of association is primarily economic, since the individual plaintiffs have smaller requests, which would be unable to face economicaly much stronger companies in a lawsuit. One of the main features of class action is the economical superiority of the defendant. The defendant in the process is a company, its agents or managers. There is either company plant that causes harmful effects to the environment, their products on the market contain prohibited substances, they are implementing an inadequate service or promising effects, that are not reachable with their products. The consequences can point on things, the environment (class action) or on wealth and human health (massive tort). Plaintiffs in the process are represented by lawyers. They handle all levels of the action to the conclusion – judgements or settlements. It all begins with the conclusion, that individual product or service have a negative impact and causes prohibited consequences. In this phase the proponents begin with investigation and gathering evidence. When the facts of negative impacts are well researched and supported by evidence, the process of detecting potential victims begins, if they are not already known during the investigation. There are two different ways in which the plaintiffs are involved in class action. In opt-in system, only individual victims are involved, who explicitly declare they want to be involved in the effects of judgement or settlement. An opt-out system assumes the automatic inclusion of all individuals affected by the negative effects. Once the facts of the case are clarified, proponents prepare a draft of action, pursuant to which presiding judge decides on the merits of class action (action qualification). In this phase, the Court has the possibility of hearing any of the parties and can request all the necessary evidence. The judge now has the option to accept or refuse the action. If the action is accepted, the case goes in the proceedings before jury. 90% of all cases of class actions do not to this point, because both parties agree on a settlement in preliminary stages. Settlement is the most significant element of class action in the US legal system. With it, the parties negotiate the amount of compensation. When it comes to hearing, the case is closed. If the case of such magnitude, that the consequences are visible in several states, we are talking about a global settlement. The problem occurs from the so-called “forced settlements”. The defendant wishes to speedily settle to complete the case, the proponents too often agree on settlements with to low an amount of compensation. The possibility of abuse is in proportion with the positive qualities, that class action brings.
Secondary keywords:	Class action;claims;settlement;attorneys;damages;adverse effects;
URN:	URN:SI:UM:
Type (COBISS):	Bachelor thesis/paper
Thesis comment:	Univ. v Mariboru, Pravna fak.
Pages:	41 f.
ID:	9170973