Pravica otroka do svobode vesti

diplomsko delo

Monika Pevec Forštner (Author), Suzana Kraljić (Mentor)

Abstract

Prvi zametki razvoja pravice otroka do svobode vesti segajo od sužnjelastniške grške in rimske patrie potestas, preko različnih pravnih dokumentov, ki so svobodo vesti prepovedale ali omejevale do novejših teorij prežetih s humanizmom, ki so začele svobodo vesti tolerirati in kasneje dovoljevati kot primarno osebno človekovo pravico. V diplomski nalogi so najprej opredeljeni pojmi: »otrok«, »pravica«, »svoboda«, »svoboščina« in »vest«. V 17. stoletju naj bi bili »otroci« še pod popolno jurisdikcijo staršev. Kasneje je viden postopen prehod pravic s staršev na otroka. Danes je »otrok« v t.i. »svobodni moderni družbi« nosilec pravice do svobode vesti, mišljenja in vere. Beseda »otrok« ni vedno vezana na starost otroka (18 let), ampak v posamičnih določbah tudi na njegovo poslovno sposobnost, telesno in duševno zdravje, kar je v pravni korelaciji z roditeljsko pravico. »Pravice« so regulatorji razmerij med odvisnimi družbenimi subjekti neenake družbene moči. Gre za dominacijo močnejšega nad šibkejšim - otrokom, pri kateri se vzpostavljajo kompromisne meje in možnosti konfliktov. Pravica do svobode vesti je izrazito naravna pravica, ki je skupna vsem ljudem, splošna, temeljna, nepremoženjska, osebna (osebnostna), civilno pravna, neodtujljiva (neprenosljiva), spremenljiva in večrazsežnostna. Dolgo časa se je »svoboda vesti« navezovala le na verske opredelitve, v novejšem času pa je dobila posveten pomen. Gre za duševen proces — metafizična in etična vprašanja, ki se odmikajo pravniški kategorizaciji. Ta vprašanja so obravnavali mnogi primeri Evropskega sodišča za človekove pravice: Kokkinakis: Grčija (1993), Buscarini: San Marino (1999), Campbell: Cossans (1982), Arrowsmith: Anglija (1978). Pravica do svobode vesti se povezuje z večimi človekovimi pravicami, kot so; pravica do svobodnega izražanja (verbalno izražanje, izražanje v pisni obliki, oblačenje, izkazovanje ljubezenskih čustev, osebna imena otrok). To izražanje je pri otrocih lahko sporno predvsem v šoli. Gre za izražanje otrok ter izražanje javnih institucij. Pravica do družinskega življenja in zasebnosti, ki se pojavlja v razmerju »otrok — šola« ter »otrok-starši« v povezavi popolnim izvrševanjem roditeljske pravice in s tem varovanja otrokovih koristi. Pravica do izobraževanja, ter v zvezi s tem prepoved indoktrinacije države oziroma šol. Pravica do zbiranja in združevanja v šolskih prostorih ali zunaj pouka. Pravo ureja razmerja med posameznikom in državo ter med posamezniki kot nosilci pravic in obveznosti. Pri tem sta pomembna otrokov položaj v družini, pooblastila oziroma pravice staršev (izvrševanje roditeljske pravice), ter položaj otroka v razmerju do države (šolstvo, zdravstvo, centri za socialno delo, vzgojni zavodi). »Družina« je najožja življenjska skupnost, kjer imajo starši pravico, da zagotovijo svojim otrokom versko in moralno vzgojo, v skladu s svojim prepričanjem in otrokovo starostjo in zrelostjo, ter njihovo, t.j. otrokovo svobodo vesti, z versko in drugo opredelitvijo ali prepričanjem, tako, da otrokom pojasnjujejo ali svetujejo. Imajo tudi pravico, da država na področjih, ki so v njeni pristojnosti, spoštuje njihove predstave o vzgoji in pouku. Poseganje države v to zasebno sfero svobode vesti je omejeno, oziroma se lahko omeji samo pod zakonsko določenimi pogoji. Država ima dolžnost zagotoviti, da se v šolah ne dogaja indoktrinacija. Država je dolžna, da religiozna in filozofska prepričanja staršev spoštuje v celotnem šolskem izobraževalnem programu, kar pomeni, da jih priznava, upošteva in vzame v obzir. Možni so različni konflikti , kolizije med državo, šolo in starši. Vsebinska razlika med razmerjem starši (kot zastopniki otroka) in državo, ter v razmerju staršev do otroka, je razvidna tudi iz 41. člena Ustave RS. Prvi del te določbe je namenjen varovanju starševskih pravic pred neupravičenim vmešavanjem države in tretjih oseb in določa, da imajo starši pravico, da v skladu s svoj

Keywords

človekove pravice;otrokove pravice;svoboda vesti;diplomska dela;

Data

Language:	Slovenian
Year of publishing:	2010
Source:	Maribor
Typology:	2.11 - Undergraduate Thesis
Organization:	UM PF - Faculty of Law
Publisher:	[M. Pevec Forštner]
UDC:	34(043.2)
COBISS:	4159531
Views:	5121
Downloads:	472
Average score:	0 (0 votes)
Metadata:

Other data

Secondary language:	English
Secondary title:	THE CHILD'S RIGHT OF FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE
Secondary abstract:	The first beginnings of the development of the right of children to freedom of conscience range from the slave owning Greek and Roman patria potestas, through various legal documents, which have banned or restricted freedom of conscience, to more recent theories permeated with humanism, which came to tolerate and then to permit freedom of conscience as the primary personal human right. In the assignment first the terms: “child”, “right”, “freedom”, “freedoms” and “conscience” are defined. In the 17th century “children” were supposedly under complete jurisdiction of the parents. Later on a gradual transition of the rights from parents to the child can be seen. Today, the “child” in the so-called “free modern society” holds the right to freedom of conscience, thought and religion. The word “child” is not necessarily related to child’s age (18 years), but according to individual provisions also to its legal capacity, physical and mental health, which is legally correlated with parental care. “Rights” are the regulators of relationships between dependent social entities of unequal social power. This is the case of domination of stronger over weaker (children), in which compromise limits and possibilities of conflicts are established. The right to freedom of conscience is a distinctively natural right common to all people, general, fundamental, nonpecuniary, personal (personality), civil law, inalienable (non-transferable), variable and multidimensional. For a long time, “freedom of conscience” referred only to religious definitions, however, in recent years, it has been given a secular meaning. This is a mental process - metaphysical and ethical issues which depart from legal categorization. These issues have been addressed by many cases in the European Court of Human Rights: Kokkinakis: Greece (1993), Buscarini: San Marino (1999), Campbell: Cossans (1982), Arrowsmith: England (1978) etc. The right to freedom of conscience is associated with several human rights such as: The right to freedom of expression (verbal expression, the expression in writing, dressing, displaying of love emotions, personal names of the children). This expression can be controversial with children particularly at school. This is a case of expression of children and the expression of public institutions; The right to family life and privacy, which occurs in the relationship "child–school" and "child–parents" in relation to the full exercise of parental authority and thus protection of the child's interests; The right to education, and in this respect, the prohibition of indoctrination of countries or schools; The right of assembly and association in school premises or outside the school. The law regulates the relationships between an individual and the state and between individuals as the holders of rights and obligations. Considering this, the child's position in the family, authority or rights of parents (exercise of parental right) and the status of the child in relation to the state (education, health, social work centers, educational institutions) are important. "Family" is the narrowest life community where parents have the right to provide their children with a religious and moral education in accordance with their beliefs and the child's age and maturity and their, i.e. child's freedom of conscience, with religious and other beliefs or convictions, in the way that children are explained or advised. They also have the right for the state in areas under its responsibility to respect their ideas about education and teaching. State interference in this private sphere of freedom of conscience is limited or may be restricted by law only under certain conditions. The state has a duty to ensure that indoctrination does not take place in schools. The state is obliged to respect the religious and philosophical beliefs of parents throughout the whole school course, which means that it recognizes them, takes them into account and consideration. Various conflicts are possible,
Secondary keywords:	human rights;children's rights;freedom of conscience;freedom of religion;thought and philosophical belief;freedoms;right to freedom of expression;right to family life and privacy;right to education;best child’s interest;parental rights;conflict of laws - conflict of interests;religious and philosophical beliefs;indoctrination;education;primary legal protection of children;secular state;
URN:	URN:SI:UM:
Type (COBISS):	Undergraduate thesis
Thesis comment:	Univ. v Mariboru, Pravna fakulteta
Pages:	XI, 95 f.
Keywords (UDC):	social sciences;družbene vede;law;jurisprudence;pravo;pravoznanstvo;
ID:	997096