magistrsko delo
Urška Grubač Kaučič (Avtor), Suzana Kraljić (Mentor)

Povzetek

Robotizacija je vsak dan bolj prisotna v naših življenjih. Omogoča nam lažji vsakdan, nižje cene industrijsko proizvedenih dobrin in nenazadnje omogoča, da so operativni posegi izvedeni natančneje, okrevanje pacienta pa je lažje. Ob uvajanju robotov (kirurških, negovalnih, diagnosticiranih, …) v medicino se odpirajo tako pravna kot etična vprašanja. Pravni vprašanja se odpirajo na več področjih. Najbolj pereče je za posameznika nedvomno vprašanje odškodninske odgovornosti v primeru škodnega dogodka, ki je posledica uporabe robota v medicinski stroki. Izpostavlja se, da trenutni, odškodninski sistem odgovornosti za napake zdravnika, ni optimalen. Slednje prepoznava tudi evropski zakonodajalec. Kot morebitne boljše rešitve se med drugim navaja uvedba nekrivndnega sistema odgovornosti za napake zdravnika, uveljavitev objektivne odškodninske odgovornosti države po vzoru odgovornosti države za cepljenje na podlagi Zakona o nalezljivih boleznih, uvajanju sistema obveznega zavarovanja dopolnjenega z kompenzacijskih skladom pa tudi uveljaviti novega e-subjekta prava. Ob tem ne smemo pozabiti, da bodo roboti dopolnilo delo zdravstvenega tima in zdravnika posameznika, zato je še posebej pomembno, da so vsakemu pacientu zagotovljene enake pravice, kot bi jih imel, v kolikor robot ne bi bil prisoten. Venomer je potrebno spoštovati avtonomijo pacienta, kot vrhovno načelo, ki ga zasleduje Zakon o pacientovih pravicah. Ob tem zagotoviti pravico do samoodločanja, ki temelji na primerno podani pojasnilni dolžnosti, s čimer zdravnik sam omogoči pacientu, da izbere, kar misli, da je najbolje zanj. Pomembna vprašanja se odpirajo tudi na področju varovanja osebnih podatkov. Robotski sistemi, kot informacijski sistemi, med svojim delovanjem nenehno zbirajo in obdelujejo podatke ter jih v sklopu komuniciranja z ostalimi napravami tudi nenehno prenašajo. Varovanje osebnih podatkov je prepoznano, kot posebej občutljivo, zato je tudi varovano z več pravnimi akti tako na ravni evropske unije, kot na nacionalni ravni. Ob vedno večjemu številu robotov in dolžnosti zdravnika do pojasnilne dolžnosti, se zastavi pomembno vprašanje, ali bi morda v prihodnosti lahko informirana privolitev pacienta v poseg, ki bo opravljen z robotom, pomenila de facto privolitev v obdelavo osebnih podatkov s strani uporabljenega robota. Ob opredelitvi do pravnih problemov nikakor ne smemo pozabiti na mnoga etična vprašanja. Primeroma navedemo vprašanja: ali bodo roboti lahko nadomestili pristen stik sočloveka, ali bo pri tem nudena enaka kvaliteta zdravstvene oskrbe, je morda tveganje za kibernetske napade preveliko? Pomembno je, da na področju uvajanja robotike v medicino, zavzamemo trdna etična stališča, ki bodo omogočala vse splošno zaupanje ljudi v novo tehnologijo. Zadevno področje ni pravno neurejeno zgolj pri nas. Iz primerjalne analize pravnega reda Republike Slovenije in Republike Hrvaške je moč razbrati, da tudi Republika Hrvaška nima vzpostavljenih pravnih pravil in pravnih mehanizmov, ki bi podajala odgovor na predhodno zastavljena vprašanja. Zaradi navedenega je nujno, da k urejanju tega novega področja celostno pristopi evropski zakonodajalec. Smiselno bi bilo uvesti vsaj minimalno harmonizacijo pravnih pravil držav članic, saj bi le-ta omogočala boljšo pravno varnost za zdravnike, paciente in proizvajalce robotov znotraj Evropske Unije. Evropska Unija ne bi bila prisiljena k sprejemanju standardov, ki bi jih določile tretje države.

Ključne besede

robotizacija;civilna odgovornost;odškodninska odgovornost robota;e-subjekt;etična načela;

Podatki

Jezik: Slovenski jezik
Leto izida:
Tipologija: 2.09 - Magistrsko delo
Organizacija: UM PF - Pravna fakulteta
UDK: 347.933:007(043.2)
COBISS: 104235779 Povezava se bo odprla v novem oknu
Št. ogledov: 286
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Ostali podatki

Sekundarni jezik: Angleški jezik
Sekundarni naslov: Legal and ethical aspects of robotisation in medicine
Sekundarni povzetek: Robotization is more present in our lives than ever. It allows us to have an easier everyday life, lower prices of industrially produced goods and, last but not least, it enables surgical interventions to be performed more accurately, and the patient's recovery is easier. With the introduction of robots (surgical, nursing, diagnosed,…) in medicine, both legal and ethical issues arise. Legal issues are opening up on several fronts. Undoubtedly, the most pressing issue for the individual is the issue of liability in the event of a loss event resulting from the use of a robot in the medical profession. It turns out that the current, compensatory system of liability for physician errors is not optimal. The latter is also recognized by the European legislator. Possible better solutions include the introduction of a non-compensation system for liability for medical errors, the implementation of objective state liability for the vaccination under the Infectious Diseases Act, the introduction of a compulsory insurance system supplemented by a compensation fund and the introduction of a new e-entity. We must not forget that robots will complement the work of the medical team and the individual doctor, so it is especially important that every patient is guaranteed the same rights as he would have if the robot were not present. Patient autonomy must always be respected as the supreme principle pursued by the Patients' Rights Act. At the same time, to ensure the right to self-determination, based on the appropriate explanation of the duty, so that the doctor himself allows the patient to choose what he thinks is best for him. Important issues also arise in the field of personal data protection. Robotic systems, as information systems, constantly collect and process data during their operation, and constantly transmit it as part of communication with other devices. The protection of personal data is recognized as particularly sensitive, so it is also protected by several legal acts both at the level of the European Union and at national level. With the growing number of robots and the doctor's duty to explain, an important question arises as to whether the patient's informed consent to the robot's intervention could in the future mean de facto consent to the processing of personal data by the robot used. When defining legal issues, we must not forget the ethical issues, which are many. For example, the following questions: will robots be able to replace genuine human contact, or will the same quality of healthcare be provided, perhaps the risk of cyber attacks is too great? It is important that we take strong ethical positions in the field of introducing robotics into medicine, which will enable all the general trust of people in new technology. However, the field in question is not legally regulated only in our country. From the comparative analysis of the legal order of the Republic of Slovenia and the Republic of Croatia, it can be seen that the Republic of Croatia also does not have established legal rules and legal mechanisms that would provide answers to previously asked questions. In view of the above, it is essential that the European legislator take a holistic approach to regulating this new area. It would make sense to introduce at least a minimum harmonization of the legal rules of the Member States, as this would provide better legal certainty for doctors, patients and robot manufacturers within the European Union. However, the European Union would not be forced to adopt standards set by third countries.
Sekundarne ključne besede: robotization;civil liability;liability of the robot;e-subject;ethical principles;Univerzitetna in visokošolska dela;
Vrsta dela (COBISS): Magistrsko delo/naloga
Komentar na gradivo: Univ. v Mariboru, Pravna fak.
Strani: 1 spletni vir (1 datoteka PDF (X, 63 str.))
ID: 14346712