doktorska disertacija
Andreja Kurent (Avtor), Franc Grad (Mentor), Saša Zagorc (Član komisije za zagovor), Drago Zajc (Član komisije za zagovor)

Povzetek

Vse sodobne demokracije temeljijo na načelu ljudske suverenosti. Znotraj demokratične države se ljudska suverenost lahko izvršuje posredno ali neposredno. Parlament tako predstavlja posredno obliko demokracije, saj tudi po slovenski Ustavi Državni zbor kot predstavniško telo, v skladu z načelom delitve oblasti, kot najpomembnejšo opravlja zakonodajno dejavnost. Postopek za sprejetje zakona ureja Poslovnik državnega zbora. Tako določen zakonodajni postopek je zbir natančno urejenih pravil, ki določajo pogoje in merila za postopanje posameznih udeležencev in njihovih dejanj. Kot izjemo rednega zakonodajnega postopka Poslovnik državnega zbora ureja nujni zakonodajni postopek, za katerega veljajo nekatera drugačna pravila. Predlaga ga lahko le Vlada, če meni, da je sprejem zakona nujen zaradi interesov varnosti ali obrambe države ali zaradi odprave posledic naravnih nesreč ali zato, da se preprečijo težko popravljive posledice za delovanje države. O postopku odloči kolegij, njegova odločitev se lahko preveri na seji Državnega zbora. Splošna razprava v okviru prve faze se ne opravi, druga in tretja obravnava se opravita na isti seji, roki za posamezna pravila ne veljajo, amandmaje je možno vlagati tudi ustno. Nujni zakonodajni postopek je v osnovi namenjen za sprejem nujnih, neodložljivih zakonov, ki so posledica nepričakovanih okoliščin. Zato naj bi se uporabljal le izjemoma, vendar pa je slovenski parlament v povprečju osmih mandatov po nujnem postopku sprejel več kot tretjino zakonov. Do spremembe Poslovnika državnega zbora leta 2002 se je postopek imenoval hitri postopek za sprejem zakona in se je uporabljal že od leta 1922 dalje. Tekom zgodovine so se zaostrovali pogoji, določeni kot pogoj za njegov sprejem, od leta 2002 pa ga lahko predlaga le še Vlada. Nujni postopek je poznan predvsem v državah Vzhodne Evrope, tudi v državah bivše Jugoslavije, v Zahodni Evropi in tudi širše pa manj, temveč so formalni postopki za hitrejši sprejem zakona urejeni že v ustavah, zakonih, poslovnikih parlamentov ali drugih aktih. Veliko več pa je neformalnih možnosti za pospešitev zakonodajnega postopka, ki so opisani v ustrezni literaturi. Načini, na katere so države pospešile zakonodajni postopek, so razvidni predvsem iz zakonodajne aktivnosti, ki so jo posamezne države izvajale ob nastopu pandemije nalezljive bolezni COVID-19. Zaradi nujnosti sprejemanja potrebnih ukrepov so povsod vlade v veliki meri prevzemale zakonodajno aktivnost parlamentov, ker pa so tako posegale v človekove pravice, so bili ukrepi deležni tudi ustavnosodne presoje. Ker zakonodajni postopek izvira iz Združenega kraljestva Velike Britanije in Severne Irske, je njegov koncept prevzela večina držav, ki ga ureja. Slovenija je nekaj posebnosti prevzela tudi iz nemške ureditve, zato sta ta dva modela v doktorski disertaciji posebej obdelana tako, da so razvidne razlike s slovensko ureditvijo. Po Ustavi sta Poslovnik državnega zbora in zakonodajni postopek ustavna instituta, ki bi zato morala imeti posebno težo, vendar iz predstavitve njunih ureditev in prakse izhaja, da se oba lahko zlorabljata ali nepravilno izvajata. Več tujih ureditev, pa tudi slovenska, za nekatere zakone zakonodajnega referenduma ne dopuščajo. Po Ustavi je med drugim zakonodajni referendum nedopusten o zakonih o nujnih ukrepih za zagotovitev obrambe države, varnosti ali odprave posledic naravnih nesreč, to pa so elementi, podobni pogojem za obravnavo zakona po nujnem postopku. Njihove elemente je opredelilo Ustavno sodišče v posameznih odločbah, saj je presojo opravljalo na podlagi izrecne določbe Zakona o referendumu in ljudski iniciativi (v nadaljevanju: ZRLI), ki tudi za sprejetje teh zakonov določa poseben postopek. Državni zbor namreč lahko po sprejetju zakona, ki ga določa drugi odstavek 90. člena Ustave, sprejme sklep o nedopustnosti referenduma. Ustavno sodišče lahko po v ZRLI določenem postopku presoja ustavno skladnost tako sprejetega zakona v roku 30 dni. Če ugotovi, da je bil zakon sprejet po neustavnem postopku, lahko razveljavi tudi njegove posamezne določbe. V svoji ustavnosodni judikaturi je Ustavno sodišče vzpostavilo tudi doktrini zlorabe zakonodajnega referenduma in zakonodajne pristojnosti, zato so zlorabe, tudi nujnega postopka, posebej obdelane. Posebna pozornost je namenjena problematiki pretirane zadržanosti Ustavnega sodišča pri presoji nujnega zakonodajnega postopka, saj so z njim lahko prizadeti načelo demokratičnosti, načelo pravne države, načelo delitve oblasti, pa tudi dostojanstvo in pravica do enake obravnave članov opozicije. V doktorski disertaciji je podana celovita analiza nujnega zakonodajnega postopka, podana so opozorila na nepravilno izvajanje in dani napotki za bolj ustrezno in ustavno skladno ravnanje Državnega zbora, Vlade in Ustavnega sodišča.

Ključne besede

nujni postopek;poslovniške določbe;zloraba pravice;zakonodajni referendum;izredno stanje;interventna zakonodaja;Državni zbor;ustavnosodna presoja;evropske države;

Podatki

Jezik: Slovenski jezik
Leto izida:
Tipologija: 2.08 - Doktorska disertacija
Organizacija: UL PF - Pravna fakulteta
Založnik: [A. Kurent]
UDK: 342.537.4(497.4)(043.3)
COBISS: 138152195 Povezava se bo odprla v novem oknu
Št. ogledov: 87
Št. prenosov: 36
Ocena: 0 (0 glasov)
Metapodatki: JSON JSON-RDF JSON-LD TURTLE N-TRIPLES XML RDFA MICRODATA DC-XML DC-RDF RDF

Ostali podatki

Sekundarni jezik: Angleški jezik
Sekundarni naslov: Constitutional aspects of the urgent legislative procedure of the National Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia
Sekundarni povzetek: All modern democracies are based on the principle of popular sovereignty. Within a democratic state, popular sovereignty can be exercised indirectly or directly. Parliament thus represents an indirect form of democracy, since even according to the Slovenian Constitution, the National Assembly as a representative body, in accordance with the principle of separation of powers, performs the most important legislative activity. The procedure for the adoption of the law is governed by the Rules of Procedure of the National Assembly. The legislative procedure defined in this way is a collection of precisely regulated rules that determine the conditions and criteria for the behavior of individual participants and their actions. As an exception to the regular legislative procedure, the Rules of Procedure of the National Assembly regulate the emergency legislative procedure, which is subject to certain different rules. It can only be proposed by the Government if it considers that the adoption of the law is necessary due to the interests of the security or defense of the country or to eliminate the consequences of natural disasters or to prevent difficult-to-repair consequences for the functioning of the state. The collegium decides on the procedure, its decision can be verified at a session of the National Assembly. There is no general discussion within the first phase, the second and third discussions are held at the same meeting, deadlines for individual rules do not apply, amendments can also be submitted orally. The emergency legislative procedure is basically intended for the adoption of urgent laws that are the result of unexpected circumstances. Therefore, it should only be used exceptionally, but in an average of eight mandates, the Slovenian parliament adopted more than a third of the laws by emergency procedure. Until the amendment of the Rules of Procedure of the National Assembly in 2002, the procedure was called the fast procedure for the adoption of a law, and it had been used since 1922. Over the course of history, the conditions set as a condition for its acceptance have been tightened, and since 2002 only the Government can propose it. The emergency procedure is known mainly in the countries of Eastern Europe, including the countries of the former Yugoslavia, in Western Europe and beyond, in a lesser extent. Formal procedures for faster adoption of the law are regulated in constitutions, laws, rules of procedure of parliaments or other acts. There are many more informal options for speeding up the legislative process, which are described in the relevant literature. The ways in which countries accelerated the legislative process can be seen primarily from the legislative activity that individual countries carried out at the onset of the pandemic of the infectious disease COVID-19. Because of the necessity of taking the necessary measures, governments everywhere took over the legislative activity of parliaments to a large extent, but because they thus interfered with human rights, the measures were also subject to constitutional review. As the legislative procedure originated in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, its concept has been adopted by most of the countries that regulate it. Slovenia also adopted some peculiarities from the German system, which is why these two models are specially processed in the doctoral dissertation in such a way that the differences with the Slovenian system are visible. According to the Constitution, the Rules of Procedure of the National Assembly and the legislative procedure are constitutional institutions, which should therefore have special weight, but from the presentation of their regulations and practice, it follows that both can be misused or improperly implemented. Several foreign regulations, as well as the Slovenian one, do not allow a legislative referendum for some laws. According to the Constitution, among other things, a legislative referendum is inadmissible on laws that are adopted to ensure the defense of the country, security or elimination of the consequences of natural disasters, and these are elements that are similar to the conditions for consideration of the law by emergency procedure. Their elements were defined by the Constitutional Court in individual decisions, as the assessment was carried out on the basis of an express provision of the Act on Referendum and People's Initiative, which establishes a special procedure even after the adoption of these laws. Namely, after the adoption of the law stipulated in the second paragraph of Article 90 of the Constitution, the National Assembly can adopt a Decision on the inadmissibility of the referendum. The Constitutional Court, according to the procedure specified in this law, assesses the constitutionality of the law thus adopted within 30 days. If it finds that the law was adopted according to an unconstitutional procedure, it can also annul its individual provisions. In its constitutional jurisprudence, the Constitutional Court also established the doctrine of abuse of legislative referendum and legislative powers, therefore abuses of emergency procedures are also dealt. Special attention is devoted to the issue of excessive reluctance of the Constitutional Court in assessing an urgent legislative procedure, as it may affect the principle of democracy, the rule of law, the principle of separation of powers, as well as the dignity and right to equal treatment of members of the opposition. In the doctoral dissertation, a comprehensive analysis of the urgent legislative procedure is given, warnings are given about improper implementation and instructions are given for more appropriate and constitutionally compliant behavior of the National Assembly, the Government and the Constitutional Court.
Sekundarne ključne besede: Zakonodajni postopek;Legislative procedure;Poslovnik parlamenta;Parliamentary rules of procedure;Slovenija;Slovenia;Univerzitetna in visokošolska dela;
Vrsta dela (COBISS): Doktorsko delo/naloga
Študijski program: 0
Konec prepovedi (OpenAIRE): 1970-01-01
Komentar na gradivo: Univ. v Ljubljani, Pravna fak.
Strani: 414 str.
ID: 17539252