Sociološka in zgodovinska ozadja fenomena Islamske države

diplomska naloga

Mojca Gomboc (Avtor), Miran Lavrič (Mentor), Dragan Potočnik (Mentor)

Povzetek

V muslimanskem svetu je vse od približno sedemdesetih let prejšnjega stoletja vidno zaznamovan proces ponovnega dviga islama. Razlogi za aktualno dogajanje na Bližnjem vzhodu segajo v daljno zgodovino islama, ko so se muslimani razcepili na šiitsko in sunitsko vejo islama. Skozi večino zgodovine so vladali suniti. Trenja znotraj teh dveh ločin so prehajala v vedno večje konflikte. Poseganje Zahoda v arabski svet, pa je dodalo še dodaten zagon za nastanek islamskih skrajnih organizacij. Z vprašanjem Palestine se je pričel položaj, ko je pretežen del muslimanov menil, da Zahod do njihovega sveta vodi arogantno in agresivno politiko. Islamsko prebivalstvo se je začelo povezovati proti tuji dominaciji, ki mu je vsiljevala modernizacijo in izkoriščala njihova ozemlja. Religija je začela igrati posebno vlogo, saj je namesto opravljanja svoje prvenstvene funkcije, začela pridobivati vlogo instrumenta, preko katerega se je odražal obrambni arabski nacionalizem. Prišlo je do naraščanja osebne religioznosti, intenzivnega vstopanja islama v javno področje in krepitve islamskih fundamentalističnih gibanj. Ta proces še zmeraj traja in nikakor ne kaže, da bi v muslimanskem svetu prišlo do sekularizacije, ki so jo s seboj prinesle zgolj kolonialne sile, ki so islam izganjale iz javnega področja. Z zrušitvijo režima Sadama Huseina in ameriškim napadom na Irak leta 2003, je na vodilni položaj prišla šiitska skupina vernikov, kateri so se silovito zoperstavili sunitski pripadniki islama. Na tem mestu se je izrazito pokazal učinek kulturne obrambe, teorija katerega pravi, da kjer sta dve ali več skupnosti, ki pripadata različnim veroizpovedim v konfliktu, lahko posamezna religijska identiteta pridobi nov pomen in sproži zahtevo po novi zvestobi, saj religijska pripadnost postane način izražanja etničnega ponosa. Kot odgovor na ameriško okupacijo in vladavino šiitov je nastala skrajna sunitska skupina Islamska država. Danes predstavlja najbolj brutalno džihadistično organizacijo, ki vliva strah s terorističnimi napadi ne samo v arabskem svetu, temveč tudi v Evropi. Islamska država je razglasila kalifat, ki se drži ekstremne razlage sunitskega islama in deluje po načelu šeriatskega prava. Razglasila je avtoriteto nad vsemi muslimani sveta, njeni pripadniki pa se imajo za edine prave vernike. V svoje vrste je pritegnila tudi številne pripadnike drugih veroizpovedi in nacionalnosti. Zahodni mediji v veliki meri zmanjšujejo možnost lastne presoje gledalcev, saj jih je dosti izmed njih s svojim poročanjem zelo spremenilo odnos do islama. Večina terorističnih dejanj je v medijih v današnjem času prikazana v povezavi z islamom, kar mnogokrat pripelje do nestrpnosti v družbi, saj si veliko gledalcev (poslušalcev) ustvari negativno sliko o islamu, muslimani pa so posledično označeni za največje krivce in s tem odrinjeni na rob družbe.

Ključne besede

diplomska dela;islam;Islamska država (IS);radikalizacija;fundamentalizem;muslimani;džihad;šiizem;sunizem;Združene države Amerike;Izrael;Palestina;Irak;

Podatki

Jezik:	Slovenski jezik
Leto izida:	2016
Tipologija:	2.11 - Diplomsko delo
Organizacija:	UM FF - Filozofska fakulteta
Založnik:	[M. Gomboc]
UDK:	322:28(5-15)(043.2)
COBISS:	22267912
Št. ogledov:	1362
Št. prenosov:	189
Ocena:	0 (0 glasov)
Metapodatki:

Ostali podatki

Sekundarni jezik:	Angleški jezik
Sekundarni naslov:	Sociological and historical background of the Islamic state phenomenon
Sekundarni povzetek:	From the 1970s, the Muslim world has been witnessing a revival of the Islamic religion. The reasons for the current situation in the Middle East date back in the ancient history of Islam, when Muslims were divided into two main sects, the Shias and the Sunnis - the latter were in charge most of the time. Divisions within these two sects were increasingly sharp and they led to major conflicts. The intervention of the West in the Arab world additionally increased the momentum for the formation of Islamic extremist organisations. When the Palestine question arose, the majority of Muslims began to think that the attitude of western politics towards their world was arrogant and aggressive. The Islamic population joined forces in the fight against foreign domination, which was trying to impose modernisation and exploit Islamic territories. Religion started to play a special role - instead of fulfilling its primary function it became an instrument that reflected the defensive Arab nationalism. There was an increase in personal religiosity; Islam started to intensively enter the public sphere and Islamic fundamentalist movements started to strengthen. This process is still taking place today, and it does not seem that in the Muslim world secularisation is going to happen, because it was brought there only by the colonial forces which tried to expunge Islam from the public sphere. When the regime of Saddam Hussein was defeated and when the US invaded Iraq in 2003, a group of Shiite worshipers came to the forefront, with members of Sunni Islam strongly opposing them. At this point, we could distinctively witness the effect of cultural defence, the theory of which says that where there are two or more communities belonging to different religions in conflict, individual religious identity acquires a new meaning and demands a new type of loyalty, because religious affiliation becomes a means of expressing someone's ethnic pride. In response to the American occupation and the rule of Shiites, the Sunni extremist group - the Islamic State - has been formed. Today, it represents the most brutal jihadist organisation causing fear with its terrorist attacks - not only in the Arab world but also in Europe. The Islamic State declared Caliphate which enforces an extreme interpretation of Sunni Islam and operates on the basis of Sharia law, claiming authority over all Muslims worldwide and considering its members the only true believers. It has also attracted a number of members belonging to other religions and nationalities. Most Western media coverage has considerably changed the attitude towards Islam, and has been preventing viewers from forming their own opinion about it. Nowadays, most terrorist acts in the media are presented in connection with Islam, which often leads to intolerance in society, because a lot of viewers (or listeners) create a negative image about Islam. Muslims are consequently considered the biggest culprits and often end up on the margins of the society.
Sekundarne ključne besede:	theses;Islam;Islamic state (IS);radicalisation;fundamentalism;Muslims;jihad;Shia Islam;Sunni Islam;United States of America;Israel;Palestine;Iraq;
URN:	URN:SI:UM:
Vrsta dela (COBISS):	Diplomsko delo
Komentar na gradivo:	Univ. v Mariboru, Filozofska fak., Oddelek za sociologijo, Oddelek za zgodovino
Strani:	120 f.
ID:	9144207