ǂAn ǂassessment of Tonry and Farrington's four major crime prevention strategies as applied to environmental crime and harm

Avi Brisman (Author), Nigel South (Author)

Abstract

Purpose: To apply the findings and debates arising from the “mainstream” literature on crime prevention to the increasingly urgent issue of crimes and harms that damage the environment. This is also a missing dimension in the rapidly growing field of green criminology. Design/Methods/Approach: The method is literature review, including analysis and synthesis of earlier summaries and typologies. Search and selection was aimed at identifying different forms of and strategies for crime prevention that might then be applied to environmental harms and crimes. This leads to a discussion of key findings and models in relation to the theoretical and practical concerns of green criminology. Findings: Examining theory and practice concerning the prevention of environmental crimes and harms opens up important new questions and projects for criminology. The framework explored holds promise but in the future a passive prevention approach will need to be supplemented by active interventions to discourage environmentally damaging behaviours. Research Limitations / Implications: The process of studying prevention of environmental crimes and harms is still in its infancy and requires further work. It is clear that there are obstacles both to further research and to implementation of measures, however, due to the fact that powerful commercial and political interests may not wish to draw attention to such crimes and harms, may prefer light-touch systems of regulation, and may contest attempts to publicise or prosecute offences. Practical Implications: Measures taken to protect persons and property have a long history but a focus on how to prevent individuals and groups from committing crime is more recent. Green criminologists frequently extend their concerns beyond crime and harm covered by existing (criminal) law and, as such, the prevention of environmental harm and crime is broad in scope and more difficult to effect. Furthermore, such harm and crime is frequently not viewed as “real” crime and not “valued” sufficiently by the law, which also impedes efforts to prevent its occurrence. The more that traditional crime prevention agendas, practice and literature incorporate the subject of the environment, the more effective future efforts may be. Originality/Value: It has been argued that if we compare rates of “ordinary crime” to environmental harms and crimes, the latter would significantly outnumber the former (Lynch, 2013). Yet although there is a substantial literature on “ordinary crime prevention”, there is relatively little discussion in the literature about the application of crime prevention approaches to environmental harms and crimes. This is one of very few reviews of this field and therefore makes a contribution to theory and practice in both mainstream and green criminology, which have both neglected this topic.

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Data

Language:	English
Year of publishing:	2015
Typology:	1.02 - Review Article
Organization:	UM FVV - Faculty of Criminal Justice
UDC:	343.3/.7:504
COBISS:	3000554
ISSN:	1580-0253
Parent publication:	Varstvoslovje
Views:	416
Downloads:	22
Average score:	0 (0 votes)
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Other data

Secondary language:	Slovenian
Secondary title:	Ocena štirih glavnih strategij preprečevanja kriminalitete Tonryja in Farringtona, uporabljenih pri ekološki kriminaliteti in okoljski škodi
Secondary abstract:	Namen prispevka: Namen prispevka je uporaba ugotovitev in razprav, ki izhajajo iz sodobne literature o preprečevanju kriminalitete pri vse bolj nujnem vprašanju kriminalitete in škod, ki ogrožajo okolje. To je tudi manjkajoča dimenzija na področju hitro razvijajočega se področja ekološke kriminologije. Metode: Uporabili smo pregled literature, vključno z analizo in sintezo predhodnih povzetkov in tipologij. Iskanje in izbor sta bila namenjena prepoznavanju različnih oblik in strategij preprečevanja kriminalitete, ki bi jih lahko nato uporabili na primerih okoljske škode in kriminalitete zoper okolje. To vodi k razpravi o ključnih ugotovitvah in modelih v povezavi s teoretičnim in praktičnim preučevanjem ekološke kriminologije. Ugotovitve: Pregled teorije in prakse o preprečevanju kriminalitete zoper okolje in okoljske škode odpira za kriminologijo nova pomembna vprašanja in projekte. Raziskani okvir je obetajoč, vendar pa bo treba v prihodnosti pasiven pristop k preprečevanju dopolniti z aktivnimi posegi za odvračanje okolju škodljivih vedenj.Proces preučevanja preprečevanja kriminalitete zoper okolje in okoljske škode je še vedno v povojih in potrebuje nadaljnje delo. Jasno je, da obstajajo ovire, tako An Assessment of Tonry and Farrington’s Four Major Crime Prevention Strategies ... 129 za nadaljnje raziskovanje kot tudi za izvajanje ukrepov. Zaradi dejstva, da močni trgovski in politični interesi ne želijo pritegniti pozornosti do takšnih zločinov in škode, le-ti dajejo prednost “milim” sistemom regulacije in lahko izpodbijajo poskuse medijskih objav ali pregona kaznivih dejanj. Omejitve/uporabnost raziskave Proces preučevanja preprečevanja kriminalitete zoper okolje in okoljske škode je še vedno v povojih in potrebuje nadaljnje delo. Jasno je, da obstajajo ovire, tako za nadaljnje raziskovanje kot tudi za izvajanje ukrepov. Zaradi dejstva, da močni trgovski in politični interesi ne želijo pritegniti pozornosti do takšnih zločinov in škode, le-ti dajejo prednost “milim” sistemom regulacije in lahko izpodbijajo poskuse medijskih objav ali pregona kaznivih dejanj. Praktična uporabnost: Ukrepi, ki so bili sprejeti za zaščito oseb in premoženja, imajo dolgo zgodovino, toda poudarek na tem, kako posameznikom in skupinam preprečiti storitev kaznivega dejanja, je novejši. Ekološki kriminologi svoje pomisleke pogosto razširijo onstran kriminalitete in škode, ki jo pokriva obstoječe (kazensko) pravo, zato je področje preprečevanja okoljske škode in kriminalitete široko glede obsega in še težje glede učinkovitosti. Poleg tega takšna škoda in kriminaliteta pogosto nista dojeti kot “pravi” kriminal in ju zakon ne “ceni” dovolj, kar prav tako ovira prizadevanja za preprečevanje njunega pojava. Bolj kot bodo tradicionalni načrti preprečevanja kriminalitete, praksa in literatura vključevali okolje kot predmet, bolj bodo prihodnja prizadevanja lahko učinkovita. Izvirnost/pomembnost prispevka: Lynch (2013) navaja, da če primerjamo stopnjo “običajne kriminalitete” z okoljsko škodo in ekološko kriminaliteto, bi slednje znatno prekašalo prejšnje. Vendar kljub temu, da obstaja izdatna literatura o “preprečevanju običajne kriminalitete”, je v njej razmeroma malo razprave o uporabi pristopov preprečevanja kriminalitete v primerih ekološke kriminalitete in okoljske škode. To je eden od redkih pregledov na tem področju in zato prispeva k teoriji in praksi tako moderne kriminologije kot ekološke kriminologije, ki sta obe zanemarili to temo.
Secondary keywords:	preprečevanje kriminalitete;ekološka kriminaliteta;ekološka kriminologija;okoljska kriminaliteta;okoljska škoda;pravica;
Type (COBISS):	Scientific work
Pages:	str. 127-151
Volume:	ǂLetn. ǂ17
Issue:	ǂšt. ǂ2
Chronology:	2015
ID:	11548773