magistrsko delo
Astrid Cep (Author), Tjaša Ivanc (Mentor)

Abstract

Varstva dolžnikovega interesa Zakon o izvršbi in zavarovanju (ZIZ) izrecno ne določa, vendar pa se udejanja skozi pravna sredstva dolžnika, ki so mu na voljo. Ugovor dolžnika sicer res predstavlja edino redno pravno sredstvo, vendar pa mu sledijo številna druga. Ključnega pomena je, da dolžnik na začetku zoper sklep o izvršbi v roku osmih dni obrazloženo ugovarja. Namreč v primeru neobrazloženega ugovora se ta na podlagi pravne domneve šteje za neutemeljenega. Pogoj obrazložitve predstavlja zatrjevanje pravno relevantnih dejstev, ki lahko izpodbijejo upnikov zahtevek. Dodatno pa mora dolžnik predložiti tudi dokaze, ki potrjujejo njegove navedbe. Vsa dokazna sredstva so enakovredna, kar pomeni, da lahko dolžnik predlaga listine, ogled, priče, izvedenca in zaslišanje strank. V primeru navajanj negativnih dejstev, kot je na primer neobstoj poslovnega razmerja, dokazno breme preide na upnika, dolžniku pa ni treba predlagati dokazov. Namreč dokazuje tisti, ki trdi, da nekaj obstaja in ne obratno. Ugovor je tako obrazložen že na podlagi zatrjevanja negativnega dejstva. Vendar pa zadostitev pogojem obrazložitve ugovora še ne pomeni, da je ugovor nujno tudi utemeljen, saj se slednje presoja šele v nadaljevanju postopka. Dolžniku je na voljo ugovor zoper sklep o izvršbi na podlagi izvršilnega naslova, ugovor zoper sklep o izvršbi na podlagi verodostojne listine, ugovor po poteku roka in ugovor zoper pravno nasledstvo. Glede na ugovor se razlikujejo tudi razlogi, ki jih ZIZ zgolj primeroma našteva, saj velja generalna klavzula, na podlagi katere je mogoče ugovarjati iz vsakega razloga, ki preprečuje izvršbo. Dodatno pa se lahko dolžnik v postopku ugovora zoper sklep o izvršbi na podlagi izvršilnega naslova odloči, ali bo izpodbijal sklep v dajatvenem delu, dovolilnem delu ali v celoti. Kadar ugovarja sklepu o izvršbi v celoti ali v dajatvenem delu, se postopek vodi kot pri ugovoru zoper plačilni nalog. V primeru izpodbijanja dovolilnega dela pa se postopek vodi kot pri ugovoru zoper sklep o izvršbi na podlagi izvršilnega naslova, vendar pa ima upnik kljub uspešnemu ugovoru dolžnika na koncu odločitve o ugovoru izvršilni naslov, na podlagi katerega lahko ponovno predlaga izvršbo. V nadaljevanju postopka ima dolžnik svoje pravice možnost uveljavljati tudi s pritožbo, tožbo zaradi nedopustnosti izvršbe, tožbo za izpodbijanje terjatve v postopku poplačila iz prodane stvari, zahtevo za odpravo nepravilnosti, obnovo postopka, revizijo, predlogom za vrnitev v prejšnje stanje, nasprotno izvršbo, odlogom in ustavitvijo izvršbe. Ugovor tretjega in zahteva za varstvo zakonitosti dolžniku sicer nista na voljo, vendar pa ga lahko v postopku izvršbe prav tako tudi to posredno zadeva.

Keywords

sklep o izvršbi;verodostojna listina;razlogi za ugovor;navedba dejstev;predložitev dokazov;dokazno breme;utemeljenost;

Data

Language: Slovenian
Year of publishing:
Typology: 2.09 - Master's Thesis
Organization: UM PF - Faculty of Law
UDC: 347.9(043.3)
COBISS: 114750979 Link will open in a new window
Views: 86
Downloads: 44
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Other data

Secondary language: English
Secondary title: Legal remedies of a debtor in the enforcement proceedings with emphasis on the standard of reasoning the objection in case law
Secondary abstract: The protection of the debtor's interest is not explicitly stipulated by the Enforcement and Security Act (ZIZ), however, it is implemented through the legal remedies available to the debtor. While the objection is in principle intended to be the sole ordinary remedy at the disposal of the debtor, it is in actuality accompanied by many others. It is essential that the debtor initially lodges a reasoned objection against the writ of execution within eight days. In the absence of a reasoned objection, the objection is presumed to be unfounded. The requirement to state reasons demands that the debtor alleges legally relevant facts capable of rebutting the creditor's claim. In addition, the debtor must provide evidence to support its allegations. All means of proof are of equal weight, which means that the debtor can propose documents, inspection, witnesses, experts and the hearing of parties. In the case of allegations of negative facts, e.g. the non-existence of a business relationship, the burden of proof shifts to the creditor. The person making a claim has to prove it, not the other way around. The objection is thus substantiated by the mere allegation of a negative fact. However, the satisfaction of the conditions for the statement of reasons does not necessarily mean that the objection is also substantiated. That is a matter for further assessment in the civil proceedings since the court has no instrument to assess the merits in enforcement proceedings. The debtor may object to the writ of execution based on an enforceable title, object to the writ of execution based on an authentic instrument, an objection after the expiry of the time limit and an objection against legal succession. The grounds of objection are also distinguished and are only listed by way of example in the ZIZ, as there is a general clause under which any ground that prevents enforcement may be objected to. In addition, in the procedure for objecting to a writ of execution based on authentic instrument, the debtor may decide whether to challenge the order in its levy part, its permitting part or in its entirety. If the debtor objects in whole or against the levy part, the procedure shall be the same as for the objection to a payment order. However, in the case of a challenge to the permitting part, the procedure is the same as in the case of an objection against the writ of execution based on an enforceable title, but, despite the successful objection by the debtor, the creditor has, at the end of the decision on the objection, an enforcement order based on which the debtor can propose for enforcement again. In the further course of the proceedings, the debtor may also assert its rights by way of an appeal, an action for the annulment, an action to contest the claim in the repayment proceedings, a requested remedy for the irregularity, a revision, a judicial review, a request for the reinstatement of proceedings, a counterclaim, a postponement of execution and a suspension of the enforcement proceedings. Third-party objection and request for protection of legality are not available to the debtor, but may indirectly affect him in the enforcement proceedings.
Secondary keywords: writ of execution;credible document;grounds for objection;statement of facts;submission of evidence;burden of proof;justification;Univerzitetna in visokošolska dela;
Type (COBISS): Master's thesis/paper
Thesis comment: Univ. v Mariboru, Pravna fak.
Pages: 1 spletni vir (1 datoteka PDF (V, 48 str.))
ID: 15235121