magistrsko delo
Alja Novak (Author), Marija Kavkler (Mentor)

Abstract

Inkluzija je proces, ki otrokom s posebnimi potrebami (OPP) zagotavlja možnost izobraževanja skupaj z vrstniki. Temelji na vključevanju posameznika tako v šolsko kot družbeno okolje in poudarja sprejemanje medsebojnih razlik. Inkluzija pa ne zagotavlja le optimalnega razvoja potencialov nekaterih otrok, ampak stremi h kakovostnejšemu poučevanju za vse otroke. Večina OPP ima možnost izobraževanja v rednih osnovnih šolah (OŠ), so pa za to prikrajšani otroci z motnjo v duševnem razvoju (MDR), med katere spadajo tudi otroci z Downovim sindromom (DS). Zakon o usmerjanju otrok s posebnimi potrebami (2011) sicer navaja, da imajo otroci z MDR možnost vključevanja v prilagojeni izobraževalni program, ki se izvaja skupaj z vrstniki v rednih OŠ. Ta omogoča izobraževanje s prilagojenim predmetnikom in učnim načrtom ter prehajanje med nivoji izobraževanja. To pa se v praksi žal ne uresničuje. Zato bi bile potrebne celovite sistemske spremembe na področju izobraževanja in zakonodaje. Uresničevanje inkluzivne prakse pa ni odvisno le od slednjega, ampak na to vpliva več dejavnikov. Eden od njih je podpora na ravni šole. Vodstvo šole mora spodbujati inkluzivnost in strokovnim delavcem omogočati profesionalna usposabljanja. Od učiteljeve pedagoške prakse pa je potem odvisno, v kolikšni meri se inkluzija uresničuje v praksi. Na uspešno vključevanje vplivajo tudi vrstniki, saj skupaj preživijo velik del dneva. Pomemben dejavnik je tudi družina, ki mora otroku nuditi podporo v različnih obdobjih odraščanja. Prav tako je za uspešno inkluzijo nujno, da med strokovnimi delavci ter njimi in družino poteka dobro medsebojno sodelovanje. Magistrsko delo temelji na predstavitvi primera dobre prakse. Z dobljenimi rezultati smo omogočili vpogled v vključevanje učenca z DS v redno OŠ in osvetlili dejavnike, ki vplivajo na uspešnost inkluzije. V magistrskem delu nas je zanimalo, kako različni dejavniki vplivajo na implementacijo inkluzije v prakso, kateri so potrebni pogoji in kakšne so lahko prednosti ter ovire. Želeli smo raziskati, katere vire pomoči so imeli na voljo starši in strokovni delavci ter koliko podpore so bili v tem procesu deležni oni in učenec z DS. Prikazati smo želeli, s katerimi izzivi se učitelji srečujejo pri poučevanju, kakšne so učinkovite prilagoditve učnega okolja in strategije dela, kako značilnosti in posebne potrebe učenca z DS vplivajo na izobraževalno področje ter socialno vključenost in kakšna je vloga spremljevalke in družine. V ta namen smo v vzorec raziskave vključili 7 učiteljev, ki so učenca z DS poučevali, izvajalko dodatne strokovne pomoči (DSP), njegovo spremljevalko, učenca in njegove starše ter 22 sošolcev. Z učencem smo opravili polstrukturirani intervju, za ugotavljanje socialnega položaja učenca z DS v razredu smo naredili sociogram, za ostale sodelujoče pa smo sestavili vprašalnik z odprtim tipom vprašanj. Analizirali smo tudi dokumente iz učenčeve osebne mape. Vse zbrane podatke smo kvalitativno obdelali in rezultate podkrepili s teoretičnimi spoznanji različnih avtorjev. Na podlagi analize zbranih podatkov smo ugotovili, da je za uspešno vključitev potreben prispevek prav vseh udeleženih. Od staršev do vodstva šole s strokovnimi delavci, spremljevalke, vrstnikov in seveda tudi od volje učenca z DS ter njegovih sposobnosti. Ugotovili smo, da je potrebna podpora na ravni širšega okolja, šole in razreda. Pri tem je pomembno, da starši in strokovni delavci med seboj sodelujejo. Učenec z DS je z ustreznimi prilagoditvami ter dobro podporo družine in podporo na ravni šole dosegel izobraževalne cilje. Z raziskavo smo tudi ugotovili, da ima učenec z DS dobro razvite socialne kompetence, nima težav z vključevanjem v ožje okolje in je dobro sprejet med vrstniki. Učiteljem največji izziv pri poučevanju učenca z DS predstavlja načrtovanje dela in prilagajanje vsebin. Hkrati pa to izpostavljajo kot zelo pomembno, saj so dobro načrtovani individualni cilji posameznega predmeta ključni za delo. Starši in učitelji so si enotni, da bi bilo za izobraževanje otrok z DS treba zagotoviti več podpore s strani države.

Keywords

učenci z Downovim sindromom;osnovne šole;izobraževalne in socialne prilagoditve;socialna vključenost;inkluzija;

Data

Language: Slovenian
Year of publishing:
Typology: 2.09 - Master's Thesis
Organization: UL PEF - Faculty of Education
Publisher: [A. Novak]
UDC: 376(043.2)
COBISS: 135462403 Link will open in a new window
Views: 11
Downloads: 1
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Other data

Secondary language: English
Secondary title: Inclusion of the primary student with Down syndrome in the sixth grade
Secondary abstract: Inclusion is a process that provides children with special needs (SEN) the opportunity to be educated together with their peers. It is based on the inclusion of the individual in both the school and social environment and emphasizes the acceptance of mutual differences. Inclusion does not only ensure the optimal development of the potential of some children but strives for higher quality teaching and inclusion of all children. The majority of children with special needs have the opportunity to be educated in regular elementary schools but children with intellectual impairment, including children with Down syndrome (DS), are deprived of this. Indeed, the Placement of Children with Special Needs Act (2011) states that children with intellectual impairment have the option of being included in an adapted educational program that is carried out together with their peers in regular elementary schools. This enables education with an adapted course and curriculum, as well as transitions between education levels. Unfortunately, this is not implemented in practice. Therefore, comprehensive systemic changes in the field of education and legislation would be necessary. The implementation of inclusive practice does not only depend on the latter but is influenced by several factors. One of them is support on the school level. School management must promote inclusivity and provide professional workers with professional training. The extent to which inclusion is implemented in practice depends on the teacher's educational competence. Peers also influence successful integration because they spend a large part of the day together. An important factor is also the family which must provide support to the child during different periods of growing up. It is also essential for successful inclusion that there is good cooperation between professionals and the family. The master's thesis is based on the presentation of an example of good practice. By the obtained results, we have provided insight into the inclusion of a student with DS in a regular elementary school and shed light on the factors that influence the success of inclusion. In our master's thesis, we were interested in how various factors influence the implementation of inclusion in practice, what the necessary conditions are, and what can be the advantages and obstacles. We wished to investigate what sources of help were available to parents and professionals and how much support they and the student with DS received in this process. We wanted to show what challenges teachers face when teaching, what the effective adaptations of the learning environment and work strategies are, how the characteristics and special needs of a student with DS affect the educational field and social inclusion, and what the role of the assistant and the family is. For this purpose, we included the following persons in the research sample: seven teachers who taught a student with DS, a provider of additional professional assistance, his assistant, the student, his parents, and 22 classmates. We conducted a semi-structured interview with the student. To determine the social position of the student with DS in the classroom, we produced a sociogram. For the other participants, we wrote a questionnaire with open-ended questions. We also analyzed documents from the student's personal folder. We processed all the collected data qualitatively and supported the results with the theoretical insights of various authors. Based on the analysis of the collected data, we ascertained that the contribution of all participants is necessary for successful integration: the parents, the school management with professional workers, the assistant, peers, and, of course, also the will of the student with DS and his abilities. We ascertained that support is needed on the level of the wider environment, school, and classmates. In the process, parents and professional workers must cooperate. The student with DS achieved his educational goals with appropriate adaptations and good support from family and school. Through the research, we also ascertained that the student with DS has fairly well-developed social competencies, has no major problems with integration into the wider environment, and is well accepted by his peers. The biggest challenge for teachers when teaching a student with DS is planning the work and adapting the content. At the same time, they highlight this as very important because well-planned individual goals for each subject are essential for work. Parents and teachers agree that the education of children with DS needs more support from the government.
Secondary keywords: Downov sindrom;Inkluzivna vzgoja in izobraževanje;Univerzitetna in visokošolska dela;
File type: application/pdf
Type (COBISS): Master's thesis/paper
Thesis comment: Univ. v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fak., Specialna in rehabilitacijska pedagogika, Posebne razvojne in učne težave
Pages: 62, [33] str. pril.
ID: 17538438