Pravno-politična analiza formiranja Kraljevine Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev

diplomsko delo

Igor Ivašković (Avtor), Borut Holcman (Mentor)

Povzetek

V obdobju 1. svetovne vojne stališča glede državne prihodnosti med južnimi Slovani niso bila poenotena. Medtem ko je del Slovencev in Hrvatov kljub smrti Franca Ferdinanda polagal velike upe v ohranitev habsburške monarhije in ustanovitev tretje (južnoslovanske) enote, ki bo enakopravna avstrijskemu in ogrskemu delu, so predvsem v Srbiji glavno oviro na poti do skupne južnoslovanske države videli ravno v državni tvorbi habsburške dinastije. Odraz razhajanj so predstavljali akti, ki so jih različne strani objavljale v obdobju 1. svetovne vojne. Po eni strani sta glavna elementa Majniške deklaracije bila habsburški okvir in hrvaško državno pravo, na drugi strani pa se je kot predpogoj južnoslovanske skupnosti izpostavljala dinastija Karađorđević. Konec 1. svetovne vojne je prinesel povsem nova razmerja moči v mednarodnih odnosih. V tem obdobju ne moremo več govoriti o ravnotežju velikih sil, kar se je na političnem zemljevidu Evrope formaliziralo z Versajskim sporazumom. V tem obdobju so se oblikovala nekatera nova načela, med katerimi je na mednarodnopravnem področju zagotovo najbolj pomembna pravica do samoodločbe, ki je bila opredeljena v znamenitih Wilsonovih štirinajstih točkah. Predstavniki habsburških južnih Slovanov so oktobra 1918 prekinili vse vezi s prejšnjo državno skupnostjo, na celotnem južnoslovanskem področju sedaj že bivše Avstro-Ogrske pa je oblast prevelo narodno vijeće, s čimer je nastala Država Slovencev, Hrvatov in Srbov. Slednja je začela postopek za mednarodno priznanje, vendar je že po nekaj dnevih prišlo do pogovorov med predstavniki Države SHS, jugoslovanskim odborom in Nikolo Pašićem, ki je zastopal Kraljevino Srbijo. V obdobju ustvarjanja nove podobe Evrope Država SHS ni uspela izkoristiti za trajno osamosvojitev, temveč je s sporazumom s Kraljevino Srbijo vključena v Kraljevino Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev. Država SHS je kljub svoji kratkotrajnosti zadovoljevala bistvene kriterije, ki jih mednarodno pravo postavlja kot pogoj subjektivitete. Ozemlje resda ni bilo eksplicitno opredeljeno, pa vendar je bilo to mogoče razbrati iz navedbe vseh področij Avstro-Ogrske, na katerih je bilo prebivalstvo južnoslovansko. Jasno je bila opredeljena tudi neodvisna oblast, ki je kljub določenim omejitvam pri izvajanju dejanske oblasti na celotnem teritoriju, vršila najpomembnejše dolžnosti, med drugim se je tudi vključevala v mednarodne odnose. Izostanek formalnega mednarodnega priznanja te državne tvorbe, ki ga je izpostavljala doktrina, katera je zavračala mednarodnopravno subjektiviteto Države SHS namreč ni konstitutivni element državnosti, temveč predstavlja le znak, da ena država želi z drugo vzpostaviti določeno vrsto diplomatskih razmerij. V procesu ustvarjanja Kraljevine SHS se je ignoriralo nekaj načel, ki sicer veljajo za pogajanja in sporazume v mednarodnem pravu. V prvi vrsti je šlo za prekoračitev pooblastil s strani narodnega sveta, ki ni zahteval mnenj lastnega plenuma ali skupščine, temveč je večino odločitev sprejemalo tričlansko predsedstvo osrednjega odbora. Za samo združitev je narodni svet pooblastil 28 članov, ki niso bili izbrani na plenarnem zasedanju. Delegacija je od osrednjega odbora narodnega sveta dobila smernice v obliki dokumenta z navodili, ki pa so bila prezrta. Podpisani prvo-decembrski akt je ob nepooblaščenem nastopu delegatov potreboval po tedaj veljavnih ureditvah ratifikacijo skupščin na obeh straneh sporazuma, do česar ni prišlo. Začasna skupščina je sprejela zakon, na temelju katerega so se izvedle volitve v ustavodajno skupščino. Čeprav se je v formalnem smislu zdelo, da je šlo za neko vrsto tripartitne delitve oblasti, so v praksi pristojnosti kralja v zakonodajni in izvršni veji oblasti omogočale vladanje kot v državah z enotno oblastjo. Osnova organizacije oblasti sta bili načeli centralizma in nacionalnega unitarizma, ki sta izhajali iz teze o enem narodu in njegovih treh plemenih; Srbih Hrvatih in Slovencih. Istočasno posamezne skupine niso prenehale z iskanjem dr

Ključne besede

Kraljevina Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev;država Slovencev Hrvatov in Srbov;Vidovdanska ustava;prvo-decembrski sporazum;jugoslovanstvo;diplomska dela;

Podatki

Jezik:	Slovenski jezik
Leto izida:	2012
Izvor:	Maribor
Tipologija:	2.11 - Diplomsko delo
Organizacija:	UM PF - Pravna fakulteta
Založnik:	[I. Ivašković]
UDK:	34(043.2)
COBISS:	4348715
Št. ogledov:	2388
Št. prenosov:	323
Ocena:	0 (0 glasov)
Metapodatki:

Ostali podatki

Sekundarni jezik:	Angleški jezik
Sekundarni naslov:	LEGAL AND POLITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FORMATION OF THE KINGDOM OF SERBS, CROATS AND SLOVENES
Sekundarni povzetek:	During the World War I perceptions of the future state of southern Slavs were not uniform. While the part of the Slovenes and Croats, despite the death of Franz Ferdinand, laid great hopes for the preservation of the Habsburg monarchy and the establishment of a third unit, which would be equal to the Austrian and Hungarian part, in Serbia Habsburg dynasty was perceived as the main obstacle for south Slavs unity. Political parties’ acts during the World War I reflected that differences. The main elements of the May Declaration were the Habsburg framework and the Croatian state law, while Serbians exposed Karađorđević dynasty as the prerequisite for the creation of southern Slavs’ state. The outcome of World War I influenced the balance of power in international relations. Western great powers created a new political map of Europe which was formalized with the peace treaty of Versailles. During this period some new principles of international public law were developed; the right to self-determination was certainly the most important among famous Wilson's fourteen points. Representatives of the Habsburg south Slavs broke all ties with the former state union in October 1918 and formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. The highest executive authority (Narodno vijeće) began the process of international recognition, but after just few days conversations between representatives of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, the Yugoslav Committee and Nikola Pašić that represented the Kingdom of Serbia began. During the creation of a new image of post-war Europe south-Slavic provinces of the former Habsburg monarchy failed to achieve permanent independence and formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes together with the Kingdom of Serbia. Despite its short duration State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs fulfilled the essential criteria of international law for becoming a subject in international community. Although territory was not explicitly defined, it was determined as the southern Slavic provinces of ex Habsburg monarchy. It had independent authority, which, despite certain limitations, provided the most important services, fulfilled its duties and was also involved in international relations. Serbian doctrine rejected its international subjectivity, due to absence of international recognition. However, the latter is only a signal that one country wants to establish a certain type of diplomatic relations with the other and is not the constitutional element in order to one subject is considered as state. Actors in the process of creating the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes ignored some of the principles of international law that are common in international relations. Narodno vijeće did not require opinion of its plenary assembly and the majority decisions were made in a three-member presidency of the central committee. Delegation of 28 members, which was authorized to sign the contract with Kingdom of Serbia, was not selected at the plenary session of Narodno vijeće. Delegation also received guidance in the form of a document with instructions, which were ignored. Agreement, signed on the 1st of December, required the ratification of parliaments on both sides, which never happened. In early 1919 nearly came to enforcement of the Serbian Constitution on the whole area of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, but this was prevented at the last moment. Provisional assembly adopted a law which was the basis for elections in the constitutional assembly. The latter adopted a constitution on 28.6.1921. Although it seemed that there was a kind of tripartite separation of authorities, in practice the position of king in the legislative and executive authority enabled him unitary governance. The state organization based on the principles of centralization and national unitarism, which were derived from the thesis of a nation with three tribes, the Serbs, the Croats and Slovenes. At the same time political groups did not stop to search for other solutions, whether in different state borders or at least with d
Sekundarne ključne besede:	The Kingdom of Serbs;Croats and Slovenes;State of Slovenes;Croats and Serbs;legal-political analysis;Vidovdan constitution;agreement of 1st December;Yugoslavism.;
URN:	URN:SI:UM:
Vrsta dela (COBISS):	Diplomsko delo
Komentar na gradivo:	Univ. v Mariboru, Pravna fak.
Strani:	III, 91 f.
Ključne besede (UDK):	social sciences;družbene vede;law;jurisprudence;pravo;pravoznanstvo;
ID:	1017334