Pritožbeni mehanizmi in strokovni nadzor organov s prisilnimi pooblastili

doktorska disertacija

Gregor Hudrič (Avtor), Miroslav Žaberl (Mentor), Andrej Anžič (Komentor)

Povzetek

Izvajanje nalog policije in drugih represivnih državnih organov terja uporabo različnih prisilnih pooblastil, s katerimi ti posegajo v človekove pravice in temeljne svoboščine posameznika. Uporaba prisilnih pooblastil omogoča učinkovito izvajanje njihovih nalog, hkrati pa predstavlja neprestano nevarnost njihove zlorabe. Te se kažejo v neupravičenih ali nesorazmernih posegih v osebno celovitost posameznika, lahko pa tudi v obliki vplivov vladajoče politike na operativno avtonomnost represivnih organov. Zato morajo biti nad delovanjem organov, ki udejanjajo državno prisilo, vzpostavljeni ustrezni nadzorstveni in pritožbeni mehanizmi, ki zlasti v primerih zatrjevanj ali zaznav domnevnih najhujših deviacij, ko zaradi izvajanja njihove dejavnosti pride do hudih telesnih poškodb ali smrti osebe, omogočajo njihovo učinkovito in neodvisno preiskavo, ki bi privedla do identifikacije in sankcioniranja odgovornih. Upoštevajoč sodno prakso Evropskega sodišča za človekove pravice, ki se nanaša na domnevne kršitve 2. in 3. člena Evropske konvencije o varstvu človekovih pravic in temeljnih svoboščin (pravica do življenja in prepoved mučenja), se je razvila pozitivna dolžnost držav po učinkovitem preiskovanju takih primerov. V regiji so bila izoblikovana temeljna načela obravnave pritožb posameznikov zoper delo represivnih organov in učinkovite preiskave grobih posegov v človekove pravice, ki mora biti neodvisna, primerna, hitra, podvržena javnemu nadzoru in mora zagotavljati zadostno mero vključevanja žrtve v preiskavo. Pričujoča doktorska disertacija ponuja pregled najpomembnejših mednarodnih predpisov, organov in organizacij, ki imajo v regiji največji vpliv na vrednotenje delovanja in razvoj nadzorstvenih in pritožbenih mehanizmov zoper organe s prisilnimi pooblastili. Sodna praksa Evropskega sodišča za človekove pravice, mnenja in priporočila mednarodnih organizacij, izkustvena spoznanja in dosedanje znanstvene razprave kažejo na to, da sta korektna obravnava pritožb zoper delo organov s prisilnimi pooblastili in učinkovito preiskovanje zatrjevanih ali zaznanih najhujših oblik njihovih deviacij v največji meri uresničljiva v obliki tako imenovanega državljanskega nadzora represivnih organov. Na podlagi podrobne analize delovanja organov s prisilnimi pooblastili, njihovih pristojnosti in obstoječih pritožbenih in nadzorstvenih mehanizmov ugotavljamo, da je v Republiki Sloveniji več organov, ki smejo za učinkovito izvedbo svojih nalog uporabiti različna prisilna pooblastila, vključno s smrtonosno silo. Poleg policije v to kategorijo uvrščamo vsaj še vojaško policijo, pravosodne policiste, uslužbence Finančne uprave Republike Slovenije, uslužbence varnostnega sektorja Obveščevalno varnostne službe Ministrstva za obrambo ter mestne in občinske redarje. Dvom v ustreznost sedanje ureditve nadzorstvene dejavnosti omenjenih organov na normativni in izvedbeni ravni temelji na ugotovitvah, (i) da obstoječi nadzorni in pritožbeni mehanizmi ne zagotavljajo enake obravnave pripadnikov teh organov, osumljenih domnevnih deviacij in enakega pravnega varstva domnevno oškodovanih posameznikov, (ii) da je najbolje dodelan sistem reševanja pritožb zoper delo policije, vendar je tudi ta zaradi institucionalne in hierarhične povezanosti s policijo podvržen kritikam o pristranski obravnavi pritožb, (iii) da obstoječi sistem ne zagotavlja učinkovite preiskave najhujših posegov v človekove pravice, ko ti nujno ne pomenijo kaznivega dejanja, ali jih storijo organi, ki ne sodijo v personalno pristojnost Specializiranega državnega tožilstva Republike Slovenije, ter (iv) da obstoječi sistem ne zagotavlja ustreznega varstva operativne avtonomnosti represivnih organov. Za potrebe oblikovanja najprimernejše oblike nadzora organov s prisilnimi pooblastili v Republiki Sloveniji, ki bi glede na vse okoliščine sodila v prostor in čas, so bili podrobno proučeni modeli nadzora in reševanja pritožb zoper organe s prisilnimi pooblastili, ki delujejo v svetu. Prepoznane so tri osnovne oblike tako imenovanega državljanskega nadzora represivnih organov z različnimi stopnjami participacije javnosti pri izvajanju nadzora. Sodobni znanstveni raziskovalci kot najprimernejšo obliko nadzora vidijo v samostojni, neodvisni instituciji, izvzeti iz izvršilne veje oblasti, ki ima poleg pristojnosti za reševanje in celovito spremljanje pritožb posameznikov tudi široka pooblastila za preiskovanje najbolj grobih posegov represivnih organov v človekove pravice in temeljne svoboščine. Pričujoča doktorska disertacija, upoštevajoč znanstvena teoretična izhodišča, dosedanjo tujo prakso in lastna prakseološka dognanja ponuja kritično in konstruktivno oceno dosedanje normativne in izvedbene rešitve nadzorstva represivnih organov. Državljanski nadzor organov s prisilnimi pooblastili opredeljuje kot imperativ časa in hkrati ponuja ustrezne organizacijske in funkcionalne rešitve k oblikovanju nadzorstvenega sistema, ki bi poleg učinkovitega izvajanja nalog organov s prisilnimi pooblastili zagotavljal visoko in v demokratični družbi pričakovano raven spoštovanja človekovih pravic in temeljnih svoboščin.

Ključne besede

policija;policijska preiskava;prisilna pooblastila;policijska pooblastila;človekove pravice;državni nadzor;Slovenija;disertacije;

Podatki

Jezik:	Slovenski jezik
Leto izida:	2017
Tipologija:	2.08 - Doktorska disertacija
Organizacija:	FDŠ - Fakulteta za državne in evropske študije
Založnik:	[G. Hudrič]
UDK:	351.74:342.7(497.4)(043.3)
COBISS:	1024580193
Št. ogledov:	4156
Št. prenosov:	354
Ocena:	0 (0 glasov)
Metapodatki:

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Vrsta dela (COBISS):	Doktorsko delo/naloga
Komentar na gradivo:	Fak. za državne in evropske študije, Kranj
Strani:	X, 229 str., [1] f. pril.
ID:	11007676