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The square ▫$G^2$▫ of a graph ▫$G$▫ is obtained from ▫$G$▫ by adding edges joining all pairs of nodes at distance 2 in ▫$G$▫. In this note we prove that ▫$\chi((C_m\Box C_n)^2) \le 6$ for $m, n \ge 40$▫. This confirms Conjecture 19 stated in [É. Sopena, J. Wu, Coloring the square of the Cartesian pr ...

An L(2,1)-labeling of a graph G = (V, E) is a function f from the vertex set V(G) to the set of nonnegative integers such that the labels on adjacent vertices differ by at least two and the labels on vertices at distance two differ by at least one. The span of f is the difference between the largest ...

A double Roman dominating function on a graph G=(V,E) is a function f:V->{0,1,2,3} with the properties that if f(u)=0, then vertex u is adjacent to at least one vertex assigned 3 or at least two vertices assigned 2, and if f(u)=1, then vertex u is adjacent to at least one vertex assigned 2 or 3. The ...

Let γ(D) denote the domination number of a digraph D and let C$_m$□C$_n$ denote the Cartesian product of C$_m$ and C$_n$, the directed cycles of length n ≥ m ≥ 3. Liu et al. obtained the exact values of γ(C$_m$□C$_n$) for m up to 6 [Domination number of Cartesian products of directed cycles, Inform. ...