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In efforts to resolve social dilemmas, reinforcement learning is an alternative to imitation and exploration in evolutionary game theory. While imitation and exploration rely on the performance of neighbors, in reinforcement learning individuals alter their strategies based on their own performance ...

In this article, we deal with the following ▫$p$▫-fractional Schrödinger-Kirchhoff equations with electromagnetic fields and the Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev nonlinearity: ▫$ M\left([u]_{s,A}^{p}\right)(-\Delta)_{p, A}^{s} u+V(x)|u|^{p-2} u=\lambda\left(\int_{\mathbb{R}^{N}} \frac{|u|^{p_{\mu, s}^{*}}}{ ...

To effectively improve the estimated level of railway vehicles’ vertical dynamic responses and provide a more suitable reference for the selection of its secondary suspension damping parameter, this paper has derived the root mean square values analytical formulae of the car body vertical accelerati ...