Medicinski poskusi na zapornikih

diplomsko delo univerzitetnega študijskega programa Varstvoslovje

Nika Poredoš (Author), Rok Hacin (Mentor)

Abstract

Ljudje se v poskusih uporabljajo že od antičnih časov. Poročila o biomedicinskih poskusih v zaporih izvirajo že iz let 1906 in 1912, drugi zgodnji primeri so poskusi iz leta 1915 in od leta 1919 do 1922. Izkoriščanje in zlorabe zapornikov kot medicinskih subjektov pa so dosegli vrhunec med drugo svetovno vojno. V nacističnih koncentracijskih taboriščih, japonski enoti 731 in na ameriških ujetnikih so izvajali raziskave, ki jim danes lahko rečemo krute, barbarske in nehumane. V Združenih državah Amerike so raziskave o biomedicini potekale že od leta 1934, na Japonskem je enota 731 v 30. in 40. letih 20. stoletja izvajala brutalne eksperimente na tisočih zapornikih. Najbolj poznan in moralno najnižji nivo pa so predstavljali poskusi, ki jih je izvajal dr. Josef Mengele na judovskih zapornikih v koncentracijskih taboriščih. Vprašanje etike v zvezi z medicinskimi poskusi v Nemčiji med drugo svetovno vojno je bilo ključno na nürnberških sojenjih. Nürnberški kodeks iz leta 1947 na splošno velja za prvi dokument, ki določa etične predpise pri eksperimentiranju na ljudeh na podlagi informirane privolitve. Leta 1964 je Svetovna zdravniška organizacija kot odgovor na širjenje Nürnberškega kodeksa razvila Helsinško deklaracijo, ki je ponovila številna pomembna načela Kodeksa. Kljub temu so zaporniki še vedno postajali žrtve znanstvenega izkoriščanja s strani industrije biomedicinskih raziskav. Sedaj kazenski zakoni nekaterih držav, podprti s številnimi mednarodno sprejetimi dokumenti, popolnoma prepovedujejo raziskave, ki vključujejo zapornike. S študijo primerov medicinskih poskusov na zapornikih med drugo svetovno vojno v Nemčiji, na Japonskem in v Združenih državah Amerike ter poglobljeno analizo primarnih in sekundarnih virov podatkov smo pokazali, da so se medicinski poskusi v Nemčiji, na Japonskem in v Združenih državah Amerike pred in med drugo svetovno vojno razlikovali. V Nemčiji in na Japonskem so zapornike izkoriščali brez njihove privolitve, v Združenih državah Amerike pa so zahtevali pisno privolitev od raziskovalnih subjektov. Ugotovitve so pokazale, da pomanjkanje nadzora pristojnih oblasti ni bil primarni razlog za izvajanje poskusov na zapornikih pred in med drugo svetovno vojno.

Keywords

poskusi na zapornikih;druga svetovna vojna;diplomske naloge;

Data

Language:	Slovenian
Year of publishing:	2022
Typology:	2.11 - Undergraduate Thesis
Organization:	UM FVV - Faculty of Criminal Justice
Publisher:	[N. Poredoš]
UDC:	[343.81-058.56:616-092.6]"1941/1945"(043.2)
COBISS:	125873667
Views:	27
Downloads:	5
Average score:	0 (0 votes)
Metadata:

Other data

Secondary language:	English
Secondary title:	Medical experiments on prisoners
Secondary abstract:	Humans have been used in experiments for a very long time. Reports of biomedical experiments in prisons date back as far as 1906 and 1912, with other early examples being experiments in 1915 and from 1919 to 1922. The exploitation and abuse of prisoners as medical subjects, however, peaked during the Second World War. In the Nazi concentration camps, the Japanese unit 731 and on the American prisoners, they carried out research that today can be called cruel, barbaric and inhumane. In the United States, biomedical research had been going on since 1934, and in Japan, Unit 731 conducted brutal experiments on thousands of prisoners in the 1930s and 1940s. The most well-known and morally lowest level were the experiments carried out by dr. Josef Mengele on Jewish prisoners in concentration camps. The question of the ethics of medical experiments in Germany during the Second World War was central to the Nüremberg trials. The 1947 Nüremberg Code is generally considered to be the first document to set forth ethical regulations for human experimentation based on informed consent. In 1964, in response to the spread of the Nüremberg Code, the World Medical Organization developed the Declaration of Helsinki, which reiterated many of the Code's important principles. Nevertheless, prisoners continued to fall victim to scientific exploitation by the biomedical research industry. Now the criminal laws of some countries, supported by many internationally accepted documents, completely prohibit research involving prisoners. Through a case study of medical experiments on prisoners during the Second World War in Germany, Japan, and the United States, and an in-depth analysis of primary and secondary data sources, we have shown that medical experiments in Germany, Japan, and the United States before and during distinguished the Second World War. In Germany and Japan, prisoners were exploited without their consent, and in the United States, written consent was required from research subjects. The findings showed that the lack of control by the competent authorities was not the primary reason for conducting experiments on prisoners before and during the Second World War.
Secondary keywords:	Zaporniki;Medicinski poskusi na človeku;Svetovna vojna (1939-1945);Univerzitetna in visokošolska dela;
Type (COBISS):	Bachelor thesis/paper
Thesis comment:	Univ. v Mariboru, Fak. za varnostne vede, Ljubljana
Pages:	VI f., 40 str.
ID:	16777729