magistrsko delo
Petra Kavšek (Author), Stanislav Košir (Mentor)

Abstract

Človekov nevrološki sistem je zelo kompleksen. Živčni sistem predstavlja mreža milijarde medsebojno povezanih živčnih nevronov, ki so porazdeljeni po vsem telesu. Razdelimo ga na centralni in periferni živčni sistem. Najpomembnejši so možgani, ki so anatomsko razdeljeni na dve hemisferi, vsaka pa je specializirana za določene funkcije. Brstenje možganov se prične že deset tednov pred rojstvom in traja do dveh let. V prvih mesecih življenja so le-ti najbolj 'gnetljivi' in ranljivi, obenem pa so takrat otrokove učne sposobnosti največje. Posamezni senzorni sistemi (tj. vestibularni, proprioceptivni, taktilni, vidni, slušni …) so med seboj zelo povezani. Že Piaget je razlagal, da ima največji vpliv na posameznika prav senzomotorično učenje od otroštva do odraslosti. Da lahko posameznik deluje v vsakdanjem življenju, morajo čutila delovati povezano in usklajeno. Senzorno procesiranje se nanaša na nevrološke procese v možganih, ki so potrebni za obvladovanje dražljajev iz različnih senzornih sistemov. Ena izmed komponent senzornega procesiranja je tudi senzorna integracija, ki je odgovorna za gladek pretok informacij v možganih. Lahko se zgodi, da se posameznik pretirano odziva na dražljaje in se jih prične zato izogibati, ali nasprotno, da se prešibko odziva na dražljaje in jih zato še bolj išče. Vzroki za nastanek artikulacijskih motenj (nezmožnost produkcije nekaterih glasov) so različni, npr. težave v centrih, ki skrbijo za motorično produkcijo (jezik/trdo nebo/mišičje), težave senzorne integracije, ki posredujejo povratno informacijo, težave s procesiranjem centralnega živčnega sistema (razvojni zaostanek) ali težave s procesiranjem centralnega živčnega sistema v določenih območjih (npr. možganska kap, cerebralna paraliza ipd.). V empiričnem delu je bil poudarek na raziskovanju povezanosti artikulacijskih in fonoloških motenj s procesiranjem taktilnih, vestibularnih, proprioceptivnih, slušnih, oralnih in vidnih disfunkcij. Zanima nas namreč, kako omenjene disfunkcije vplivajo na pravilnost artikulacije. Za starše smo uporabili prirejen in preveden vprašalnik iz angleške različice Motnje senzoričnega procesiranja: znaki in simptomi disfunkcij (Sensory Processing Disorder Checklist: Signs and Symptoms of Dysfunction), ki je sestavljen iz 6 vsebinskih sklopov. S pridobitvijo soglasja o vključenosti njihovih otrok v raziskavo smo testirali še 61 otrok, ki so bili s pomočjo kriterija razvrščeni v kontrolno (otroci brez motenj) in eksperimentalno skupino (otroci z artikulacijskimi in/ali fonološkimi motnjami). Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da otroci z artikulacijskimi in/ali fonološkimi motnjami v splošnem izkazujejo več taktilnih in vestibularnih disfunkcij, kar sovpada z raziskavami tujih avtorjev. Medtem pa na ostalih preverjanih področjih ni bilo ugotovljeno, da bi imeli več disfunkcij kot kontrolna skupina. Statistično pomembne razlike so se pokazale na področju proprioceptivnih in oralnih disfunkcij.

Keywords

senzorno procesiranje;senzorna integracija;artikulacijske motnje;dislalija;fonološke motnje;motnje oralne in verbalne motorike;

Data

Language: Slovenian
Year of publishing:
Typology: 2.09 - Master's Thesis
Organization: UL PEF - Faculty of Education
Publisher: [P. Kavšek]
UDC: 376.1-056.264(043.2)
COBISS: 10816073 Link will open in a new window
Views: 1129
Downloads: 198
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Other data

Secondary language: English
Secondary title: The process correlation between senso-motorical stimuli and articulation disorders
Secondary abstract: The human nervous system is very complex. Nervous system consists of a net made of billion interconnected neurons, which are distributed all over the whole body. It is divided into the central and the peripheral nervous system. The most important is the brain, which anatomically consists of two hemispheres, each being specialized for specific functions. The sprouting of brain begins already ten weeks before the child is born and lasts till the age of 2. In the first months of life they are most malleable and vulnerable, but at the same time this is also when the child's learning abilities are the biggest. The individual sensor systems (t.i. vestibular, proprioceptive, tactile, visual, audible …) are interconnected. It was already Piaget, who said that the biggest influence on the individual is made by the senso-motoric learning from the childhood until the adulthood. For an individual to manage the everyday life, the sense organs have to function as interconnected and consistent. The sensory processing refers to the neurological processes in the brain, which are necessary to control the stimuluses from the different sensory systems. One of the components of the sensory processing is also the sensory integration, which is responsible for the smooth information exchange in the brain. It can happen that an individual overreacts to certain impulses and starts to avoid them or he underreacts and therefore searches for these impulses even more. The reasons for the beginnings of the articulation disorders (inability to produce some sounds) are varied, e.g. complications in the motor skill production centres (tongue/hard palate/muscular tissue). There are also problems of the sensory integration, which mediate the feedback information and problems with the central nervous system processing in certain brain areas (e.g. stroke, paralysis etc.). In the empirical part, the emphasis was to research the connection of articulation and phonological disorders by processing some tactile, vestibular and proprioceptive, auditory, oral and visual functions. We would like to know how these mentioned disorders influence the articulation correctness. For parents we used an adapted and translated questionnaire from the English version of Sensory Processing Disorder Checklist: Signs and Symptoms of Dysfunction, which consists of 6 parts. With the given consensus of parents about their children participating in the research, we evaluated 61 children. According to the given criteria, they were listed into the control group (children with no disorders) and the experimental group (children with articulation and/or phonological disorders). The results of the research showed that the children with articulation and/or phonological disorders in general exhibit more tactile and vestibular disorders, which coincides with the foreign authors researches. However, on some others ranges that we tested, we did not get the results that would point that the number of disorders is higher than with the control group. Statistically important differences became obvious in the area of proprioceptive and oral disorders.
Secondary keywords: speech defect;govorna motnja;
File type: application/pdf
Type (COBISS): Master's thesis/paper
Thesis comment: Univ. v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fak., Logopedija in surdopedagogika
Pages: 102 str.
ID: 9078044